Essay on Overpopulation and Environmental Degradation

Overpopulation and Environmental Degradation At the time of the agricultural revolution, nearly ten thousand years ago, the population of the globe was no more than ten million. Today the world population is estimated at over six billion. In the last hundred years the population has more than tripled. With the population rising at an enormous rate of 1.7 million a week, the world as a whole is being drained of its resources. (Southwick, 1996) Different theories have prevailed on what will occur as the population continues to explode ranging from the Malthusian apocalypse to absolutely no effects at all. Over the last two centuries as agricultural and technological advancements came about, the planets overall carrying capacity increased†¦show more content†¦The estimate comes from the availability of energy resources, agricultural land coupled with increased pollution control, recycling, and sustainability. (Southwick, 1996) The world today faces tremendous problems with poverty, disease, and famine as a result of the b ooming populations. Overpopulation has greatly affected todays societies throughout the world. Certain countries, especially in the third world, struggle just to survive as living conditions continue to decrease with the skyrocketing populations. One in six people in the world are desperately poor. The overpopulation is due to: an increase in the life expectancy, a huge decrease in child or infant mortality, lack of education for women, and an overall demand for children in the workplace. In recent times there have been many improvements in immunizations, not only within the actual medication but that many more people are receiving them, especially infants. As a result, a larger amount of young children are surviving and living longer. For many families in poverty conditions, children are essential for the overall familys survival; more income is needed that comes with more children working. Poverty increases population growth in hopes to rise out of the depressed conditions, increasing the poverty. (Te nnenbaum, 1998) It is a cyclic process that is spiraling out of control. Overpopulation has lead toShow MoreRelatedOverpopulation and Environmental Degradation Essay1784 Words   |  8 PagesJessica Carling 10/28/2010 Tues/Thur. 2:00 - 3:15 Overpopulation and Environmental Degradation The planet on which we live is dying, harsh: yes, but true. The sustaining capacity of the globe is shrinking a little bit every year and soon, if the population trend continues at the current rate the sustaining capacity will have reached its peak. The ignorance of humanity has lead all to believe that the planets resourcesRead MoreProblems Caused By Overpopulation Is The Rise Of A Place Populated With Excessively Large Numbers879 Words   |  4 PagesProblems Caused by Overpopulation in Cities Overpopulation is ‘The condition of a place populated with excessively large numbers’. It is considered a problem in many senses, since it causes a number of issues for various different reasons. One major issue caused by overpopulation is the rise of unemployment. This is when people actively seeking employment or just people that are able to work remain unemployed. Overpopulation causes this because the amount of jobs available would be the same as beforeRead MoreConsumption Overpopulation and Its Effects on the Environment1082 Words   |  5 PagesConsumption Overpopulation Think about a sign that says EARTH Max Capacity 10 billion. Based on what they have the human population plans out parties. They have a lack of space and resources. Anyone who would plan these parties would have to take in account for the amount of people that would have to scrunch in with each other, and how many people would not have enough food to last the party. Which basically makes it so the guests are down to a certain number. Our planet is a close similarityRead MoreEnd of Mayan Civilization1143 Words   |  5 PagesThese factors included overpopulation and accompanying ecological degradation, political competition, and warfare (Sayre, 2012, p.392). Once again, it is essential to clearly articulate the fact that it is theoretically impossible to put forth only one single underlying factor in a theory offering a coherent explanation for the collapse of the Mayan civilization. However, one particular theory, a comprehensive theory focusing specifically upon drought as an environmental and climate factor, offersRead MoreOverpopulation Is More Than Just A Crowded Planet1343 Words   |  6 Pagescurrent world population no longer signifies progression; it signifies regression. Today, the Earth’s human population is approaching overpopulation. Overpopulation is more than just a crowded planet. The definition of overpopulation is, â€Å"†¦too many people for the amount of food, materials, and space available†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Cambridge Dictionaries). This means that overpopulation will impact crucial aspects of the planet and not just increase city sizes. Robert Kolb suggested in the Encyclopedia of Business EthicsRead More Overpopulation Pressures Our Natural Resources and Environment743 Words   |  3 PagesThe growing concerns of population are not limited to environmental degradation such as losses of biodiversity, soil depletion, and toxic rivers and oceans. It goes further through the risks it imposes of â€Å"epidemics, resource war, terrorism, and deaths from violent climatic events† (Ehrlich and Ehrlich 2012). Malthus argued that, people growth respond to wage or income that correlate negatively with the size of population (Lee 2011). On the other hand, climate change correlates positively with increaseRead MorePopulation Growth And Its Impact On The Environment1677 Words   |  7 Pageswithin that time frame. If the population continues to grow at rapid rates our planet, environment, civilization, and even humanity will suffer due to over consumption, pollution, and destruction causing depletion and possibly even extinction. Overpopulation of civilizations could lead to the depleti on of fresh water, other natural resources, food supplies, and even habitations. Humanity as a whole make choices regarding housing, food, water, and even clothes that impact our biospheres. PopulationRead MoreThe Causes Of Poverty With Special Focus On India1242 Words   |  5 Pageslive such as food, water and shelter. Did you know over 3 billion people live on less than $2.50 a day, which is 43% of the world’s population i.e almost half (worldbank). Poverty is caused by a variety of things including overpopulation, lack of education, environmental degradation and economic factors. The following essay goes in depth on the various causes of poverty with special focus on India. Political influences in India such as income inequality, globalization, capitalism and corruption areRead MoreThe Problem Of Overpopulation And Overpopulation872 Words   |  4 PagesHuman overpopulation. Human population can be defined as the condition whereby, the total count of the human inhabiting a certain area exceeds the carrying capacity of the area Bongaarts, (2011). This brings out an issue of the carrying capacity of the region which alludes to the number of individuals who can inhabit a certain area for a given period. It may also be looked at as the situation whereby the available renewable resources in a certain area can satisfactorily support the current populationRead MoreExtinction Of Animal Extinction1024 Words   |  5 Pagesefforts to help endangered animals, there is a lack of admission that people are the cause for this issue. The human race is what has caused many of these species to become extinct, through our destruction of the adjacent land and overpopulation. Environmental degradation has affected many of the species that need that ecosystem to survive. When speaking of the loss of species, the Zoological Foundation and the World Wide Fund for Nature have both agreed that â€Å"The losses were attributed to pollution

The Atomic Bomb Of The United States Essay - 1748 Words

On Monday July 16th, 1945, a countdown for the detonation of the first atomic bomb took place near Los Alamos, New Mexico. This atomic bomb testing would forever change the meaning of war. As the atomic bomb was detonated it sent shock-waves all over the world. There was endless research done on the bomb in the United States. The research was called The Manhattan Engineer District Project but it was more commonly known as The Manhattan Project. The Manhattan Project was brought by fear of Germany and its atomic research. On account of the fear of Germany the United States took action upon testing their own atomic bomb. Once the bomb was tested, the United States had to decide whether it should be used and if so, where? Then there was the process of dropping the bomb. The Manhattan Project was overall one of the highest and most significant projects ever done in the United States. The United States government was shocked by the news of German scientists discovering nuclear fission. The news came to the United States from Albert Einstein. Einstein found out the nuclear fission information from a German physicist named Leo Szilard. He then told it to President Franklin D. Roosevelt and urged him to start an investment toward atomic research. The research would then help construct an atomic weapon of mass destruction. Roosevelt was not especially concerned about investing in atomic weapon research because he didn t plan on getting involved in the War. When Pearl Harbor wasShow MoreRelatedThe Atomic Bomb Of The United States2000 Words   |  8 PagesIn 1939, when it was discovered that Germany had the technology to produce a weapon of mass destruction, the United States was determined that they would not fall trap to the Nazi’s reign. World renowned scientists gathered together and by 1941, the secret project to produce an atomic bomb was given the code name the Manhattan Project. Nobody expected this weapon to be so powerful, but this secret weapon had a lasting impact that changed the course of history. The Manhattan Project was ultimatelyRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of The United States1610 Words   |  7 Pages It was the morning of July 16, 1945, a countdown for the detonation of the first atomic bomb took place near Los Alamos, New Mexico. The atomic bomb testing would forever change the meaning of war. However, the atomic bomb was detonated and it sent shock-waves all over the world. There was much research to be done on the bomb in the United States. The research was called â€Å"The Manhattan Engineer District Project† but it was known as The Manhattan Project. With the issues of theRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of The United States1358 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å" The atom bomb was no ‘great decision.’ It was merely another powerful weapon in the arsenal of righteousness.† This quote was said by Harry S. Truman the first President who used an atomic bomb. The program that was able to create this monstrous power was known as the Manhattan Project. Creating this weapon was their main priority. The United States was in the midst of World War 2. The atomic bomb is considered to be the main factor that ended that war. It was a race against the multiple enemiesRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of The United States2074 Words   |  9 PagesSampson Phillips American History/SRP Mr. Smith 1/1/16 The Atomic Bombs On December 7, 1941, the Japanese launched a bombing attack on the American naval base in Pearl Harbor. This attack on the U.S. brought America into World War II. One Japanese general commented â€Å"I fear all we have done is to awaken a sleeping giant and fill him with a terrible resolve.† (Yamamoto) Japan’s surprise attack on the U.S. created a much larger enemy than they intended. After the attack the U.S. embarked on a bloodyRead MoreAtomic Bomb On The United States866 Words   |  4 Pagesdevelope a weapon, using nuclear power that could be used against enemies of the United States. President Roosevelt felt the need to reach this landmark before any other conuntry beat the United States to it. Having this type of weapon would also help establish the country as powerful and more advanced than others. When President Roosevelt unfourtuantly died on April 12, I, Harry Turman, became President of the United States and overseen this project. In July of 1945 the project produced a weapon so powerfulRead MoreThe First Atomic Bomb Of The United States1249 Words   |  5 PagesRoosevelt asked the United States congress to declare war on Japan. Three days later, after the United States turned its attention to Germany and Italy, the two countries declared war on the United States, which the President and Congress freely agreed to. After two years of continuous fighting in the second World War, America had finally joined (â€Å"Pearl Harbor†). Two years before America even joined World War II, Albert Einstein, a German physicist, warned the United States of Germany’s threatRead MoreAtomic Bombs On Hiroshima, Japan, And The United States1202 Words   |  5 PagesAugust 6th 1945, the United States dropped the first of two atomic bombs on Hiroshima, Japan. World War Two was practically over, but Japan and the United States weren’t getting along due to Japan bombing Pearl Harbor. The President of the United States (Truman) and U.K. Prime Minister Winston Churchill Issued the Potsdam Declaration which was the declaration that was put on the table for Japan after Germany had surrendered. Earlier in the war we had been putting together atomic weapons in case theRead MoreWhy The United States Should Use Atomic Bombs966 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States decision to use atomic bombs to end the war appeared to be the saving grace for the American people. Once World War II came to an end as a result of the bom bings of the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, however, the eyes of Americans were opened to the possibility that what they viewed as salvation for their country could be equated with the evils committed by the Axis powers. For example, many trials were held against German men that were a part of the Nazi operation thatRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb : A Significant Period Of Time That Molds The United States980 Words   |  4 PagesThe Atomic Bomb in Japan President Truman, decision over booming Japan is a significant period of time that molds the United States. The crucial decision that was made on August of 1945, brought World War II to an end. While bringing the WWII to an end, it attracted a lot of debates over the use of the atomic bombs in the war. Even though the WWII has ended decades ago debates still lingers to this point. Having people in both sides of the debates, makes people wonder if the use of the first atomicRead MoreWhy the United States Dropped the Atomic Bomb: Persuasive Essay1259 Words   |  6 PagesThe atomic bomb is the subject of much controversy. Since its first detonation in 1945, the entire world has heard the aftershocks of that blast. Issues concerning Nuclear Weapons sparked the Cold War. We also have the atomic bomb to thank for our relative peace in this time due to the fear of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD). The effects of the atomic bomb might not have been the exact effects that the United State s was looking for when they dropped Little Boy and Fat Man on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Tata Group Free Essays

Tata group of companies, it is said that there is Tata in every Indian’s life directly or indirectly. Tata group of companies is India’s largest conglomerate. Tata group is made up of 90 operating companies in seven different industries which makes it India’s largest conglomerate. We will write a custom essay sample on Tata Group or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tata group was founded by Jamsetji Tata in 1868. The founder of the Tata group was a visionary who was a traveler and loved travelling around the world. Jamsetji Tata was born in a small town of Navsari in Gujarat India. In his early working life, he worked with his dad in his banking firm. He wanted to start a new business, and he did start a trading company while working with his father in his banking firm. Then in he established a textile mill which he named as empress mill as a smart move to avoid any British opposition. This was the first stem to the huge Tata group which it is today. Jamsetji Tata was a traveler and brought many ideas about business in his travel. He saw new things and technology used in other countries in his travel he brought those things and new ideas home and employed them in his company and helped the country in the path of industrialization. Jamsetji Tata created trust and one of these trusts today holds the majority of the shares in the Tata group of companies. Jamsetji Tata’s one of the dream, was to construct a hotel which was the best in India and has to be the most luxuries in India. The Taj Mahal Hotel was the first building in Bombay to use electricity. Jamsetji wanted to build the best hotel in India after he was denied entry in one of the hotels in Bombay because he was Indian. The hotel which was completed, in 1904 was one of the great marvels of Tata group in Jamsetji Tata’s life time (Tata Group, n. d. ). The next big thing which happened in, the progress of the Tata Group was the establishment of iron and steel plant which was the first iron and steel plant in India. It was a challenge to start an iron and steel plant in India as there was an ever present pressure from the British raj. However, Sir Dorab Tata made it the reality when he started the steel plant near Jamshedpur. The new company was called Tata steel, which is the 10th largest steel manufacturer in the world currently. The company was established a century ago by Sir Dorab Tata in 1907. Sir Dorab Tata was also established first hydroelectric power plant which was the beginning of Tata power. Tata power is India’s largest private sector power generating company. One of the best companies in the Tata group ware established in the life time of Sir Dorab Tata. The founders of Tata group where not only the business men but also nationalist. In 1911 after seven years, after the death of Jamsetji Tata the first science instate was established in Bangalore. Where the bright brains of India can cultivate their aspirations in science, and technology. Tata’s ware fully aware of their corporate social responsibility towards society, and their country as whole (Tata group, n. d. ). The institute established by the Tata’s is today’s premier research and development institute which is in Bangalore. In its 375 acres campus, the Indian Institute of science hosts 40 departments and centers of various fields of science. Institute constantly performs research and development of cutting edge science in association with space research organization and defense research organization. Tata institute of fundamental research is one of the best research institute in the country. There are many such institutes which where the vision of the founders of Tata group, which are serving the country and society as a whole. Tata Group is also known for employee satisfaction. Tatas ware first to introduce the 8 hour working day in 1912 long before it was introduced in the western countries, they were first to introduce the provident funds which is a kind of savings account in which a certain percentage of pay is deducted, and deposited in the account, and the same percentage of the amount is matched by the employee, and deposited in same provident fund account, this was a kind of social security which was way ahead of its time. Provident fund was made compulsory by the Indian government for every company after 1952. Tata group in their process of employee satisfaction has constructed cities. Jamshedpur is very good example of the fastest growing and developing city in the country, is founded by the Tata group, to provide housing facility for the workers working in countries first steel plants, and it is named after the founder of Tata group Jamsetji Tata. With the death, of Sir Dorab Tata In 1932 Tata group lost its one of the great leaders. Sir Nowroji Tata became the chairmen of the group. By this time, Tata Group was in many business and industries. However, Sir Nowroji Tata died in 1038, and the responsibility of the company was on young 34 year old JDR Tata. JDR Tata came with new ideas, to further expanded the company. JRD Tata was the first in the country to get a commercial pilot’s license. He was the one who took the Indian in to the aviation age the first commercial aviation company was established by JDR Tata. The Tata Airlines was the first airlines of India which is still the largest airlines in the country. However, the Tata airlines was nationalized and is now known as Indian Airlines after the government of India took over the company from Tata group and regulated the aviation market and was the only airlines in the country for a long time. JDR Tata was the chair man of Tata Group for fifty three years and during his leadership Tata Group expanded in new industries. Under JRD Tata’s leadership, the company from independence to 1990 despite stringent regulations and license raj was able to grow constantly and was able to start their business in new areas. Tata started Tata Chemicals in the year 1939. Tata Motors and Tata Industries in 1945, Voltas in 1954 which is manufacturing home appliance, Tata tea, which is one of the largest tea company of the world was established under his leader ship, Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) India’s largest Information Technology company by market capitalization was established in the year 1968, and the Titan Industries in the year 1984 (Tata group, n. d. ). JDR Tata steep down from the position of being chair man of that group in 1991. Ratan N. Tata took over the position as the chair person of the company and still a chair person of the company. Ratan Tata became the chair person in the mist of new economic reforms in the country where government removed many restrictions. The Indian government lifted many regulations to do business and started the end of the license raj. New entry of international origination gave competition in many industries to the Tata group. Tata group had new arena to do business in this newly freed market. Tata Group, one of the old and strong business groups whose business has seen many rough time the company in 1990 at last able to operate in a free market where it can perform to its full potential. Tata group was started as a modest trading company by the founder Jamsetji Tata is now one of India’s Biggest Company. Tata Group consists of 90 operating company which consists of communication, Information technology, chemicals, consumer products, engineering, materials, and many more industries (Tata Group, n. d. ). Tata Group is based in Mumbai India is not just an Indian company it is a global enterprise. Tata Group earns more revenues from operations outside India then that from the domestic market with in India. Tata Group earns 57 percent of its revenue, which is, $67. billion in 2009-2010 came from business outside India and rest form the business in the country. Out of 90 company the company has 28 publicly listed companies whose market capitalization is of around $98. 11 billion. The company has the share holder base of 3. 5 million. The Tata group is present in 85 countries worldwide and employees around 395,000 people worldwide (Tata Group, n. d. ). The present chairman of Tata group is Ratan Tata he is the chairman of Tata Sons the promoting company of Tata group and hence the chair man of Tata Group. Ratan Tata was born on December 28, 1937 he is the grandson of the founder Jamsetji Tata. He was raised by his grandmother Navajibai. He has done bachelors in architecture from Cornell University in 1962. He has further studied advance management program from Harvard Business School and graduated in 1975. Ratan Tata becomes the chairman of Tata sons and Tata Group in 1990. This was the time when then Indian government decided to open the Indian market to the international competition. Then Indian government also opened many industries to the private-sector investment. Tata Group being one of the biggest group in India was well in a position to take advantage of the situation presented to them and during the same time Ratan Tata was chosen by JRD Tata as the chairman of Tata group. However, Ratan Tata did not become the chairman of Tata group directly. Initially he got a job offer in IBM which he declined with the advice of JRD Tata. He started first working in Tata steel in Jamshedpur where he worked on the floor making steel in front of blast furnish. This was like a training ground for him for the feature responsibilities (Tata Group, n. . ) Tata Group is headed by a dynamic leader Ratan Tata has two decision making groups. These groups are called Group executive office, and Group corporate center. These groups divide decision-making responsibility. Group executive office, the main objectives of the group executive office are to implement the programs in relation with governance, human resource, etc. group executive office also works to improve the synergistic between various companies within the group and also to improve synergistic between group and individual companies in the group. The current GEO comprises of Ratan Tata, R Gopalakrishnan, Ishaat Hussain, Kishor Chaukar, and Arunkumar Gandhi. (Tata group, n. d. ) The other decision making body in management structure of the company is Group Corporate Center. This decision-making body in management works on promoting the Tata brand in the country, and around the world. The group issues policies for the growth of the company and entry in to a new area of business are reviewed in this decision-making group. Group corporate center also provides advices on financial, human resource, legal, and functional issues as and when necessary to companies in the group. The present members in the group are Ratan Tata the chairman, JJ Irani, RK Krishna Kumar, R Gopalakrishnan, Ishaat Hussain, Kishor Chaukar and Arunkumar Gandhi. The Tata group commits it shelf to the country they operate, and to improve the quality of life of the people who work in the group, and the communities in which Tata group operates its business. Tata group is a value driven company and they believe very strongly in their values, and have five core values which help them as a guide for growth and in the arena business of Tata group. Tata group strongly believes in integrity, and they believe that the business which they perform should be conducted in a fair manner and with honesty. The business process should be transparent. The group also believes in understanding the customer and the employees specially. Tata group strongly believes that in doing business, they should act with compassion and humanity towards the customer to whom they serve and in the internal operation of the company between the colleagues within the company. Tata group thinks that they should do their best in day to day work. They believe that the product, which they provide, to their customer should be of the best quality. They believe that they should raise their standard of works in day to day working. They also believe that they as a group should work more cohesively. It is also important that they work in unity between the companies and their partners around the world. Tata group believes that working in a united manner can result in excellent results, which impact the growth and development of the company, and Tata group as whole. Tata Group thinks it is responsible to the communities in which they operate their business, and it thinks that they are responsible towards the country, in which they operate. Tata group believes, in providing more to the people than what they received from them. Tata group also believes strongly in their code of conduct and do their day of the day operation in accordance with their code of conduct. They have twenty five clauses which make their code of conducts and works as a guide for their operation in day to day operation of the company. Tata group thinks that innovation is the best way to progress and with the innovation they can achieve what they want to achieve in the business. The best example the company has displayed is by Tata motors. The Tata Nano is an example for the innovative side of the Tata group. The nano car, which is the cheapest car in the world, Tata nano costs around 100,000 Indian rupees which translates to around $2500 depending on the present exchange rates. Many in the automotive industry said that the car was impossible to make. It was the brain child of Ratan Tata the chairman of Tata sons and Tata Group. Ratan Tata saw the Indian, middle class family of four crammed on a two-wheeler on a wet road. It is very dangerous to drive on the road in such conditions, especially in India where traffic condition is very bad. Ratan Tata got an idea of making a car which will be affordable to the emerging middle class of India. This engineering challenge which they had been never accomplished in the history of modern day automobile industry. In the early 2003 on the sides of a business meeting, Ratan Tata expressed his wish to make an affordable car for the people of India. This was going to be a challenge, and Ratan Tata knew about it very well. He called five engineers from Tata motors to Bombay house to give them the challenge of doing which was never done before. The team of the engineers did not have any kind of idea about what they are up to and came with the ideas of cheap transport. They only got the idea of the challenge when the chairman him shelf told them about his idea of INR 100,000 cars. The team was given the challenge was going to do something which did not have a bench mark, for next four years they were working on one man’s dream which can affect an entire country of 1. 2 billion people and their safety on the roads. During the process, of building the cheapest car of the world Tata motors has to start completely from the basics of car building. Engineers at Tata motors had to start over as they were not able to get parts from exiting suppliers around the world which can fit within the pries tag of the car. They did what Tata Group is all know about Innovate (Tata Moters , n. . ). Engineers at Tata motors ware able to create the marvel the Tata nan, which is the cheapest car of the world. The car was holding the price tag of INR 100,000 despite the increase in the raw material price. The car was launched on early 2009. The Tata group is not Just accomplished building a car, but in many other business too they have created the cheapest water which do not use the electricity and uses the natural materials and is cheap so that the poor farmers in a remote village can use the water filter which is called Tata Swach. This innovative feat achieved by Tata chemicals was a life changing for many rural population of India where pure water or water purification system are very costly are not cheaply available. The Tata has done it again by innovating and not only providing the solution to the problem but also providing it cheaply so that it can be used by the common Indian. The Tata Group has become the integral part of every Indian’s life is not just confined to India. Tata group is present in 85 countries. Tata group now came to the world stage my major industrial acquisition. The biggest of them all was the acquiring of Cores. Corus was the biggest steel producer of steel in Europe and was a high end steel producer. Tata steel is the low end steel producer as the market demands in India. Tata steel was mainly focused on Indian market was the second largest steel producer in India. There was no presence of Tata steel in Europe before the takeover of the company. This is the biggest takeover by any Indian company in the world. Corus was the second largest steel producer in Europe, Tata when acquired Corus made it the fifth largest steel producer in the world. Tata acquired Corus for $8. 1 billion and promised to fuse funds in Corus pension fund. This over take was also symbolizing the growth of Tata after 1990’s, during this two decades it has expanded in ever growing Indian market and also has stretched its wings in the international market, as well. The only way where it can expand to the world stage is by acquiring other companies, and as done my many Indian companies recently the deal between Tata and Corus was showing the newly found strength in Indian companies around the world. â€Å"One minute world news â€Å", 2006) Tata group did not only acquired the Corus but acquired many other brands or companies around the world. Tata motors have acquired at least one brand or company every since 2004. In 2004 Tata motors acquired the Daewoo motors. The Tata Daewoo has a very big market around the world and sells trucks under the name of Daewoo in South Korea and Pakistan and under Tata name around the world. In 2005 Tata motors acquired, Hispano Carrocera is one of the largest manufacturer of buses in Europe. Tata Motors acquired entire 100 percent stake in the company in 2009. Tata motors become biggest bus manufacturer in Europe with the acquisition of the company. Other big acquisition and most widely know is when Tata motors bought the famous and esteemed British car manufacturer Jaguar with this Tata motors came in European high end car market. Tata now owned the famous brands like Land rover and has truly become a global brand. Tata group has been at the fore front of the overtaking global company recently has also faced with many issues due to the down turn of the global economy. There were few issues not related to the economy but completely different like a terror attack on 26 November 2008 on an iconic Taj Mehal hotel in Mumbai which was constructed by non other than the founder of the group him shelf Jamsetji Tata more than a century ago. The attack was on the one of Mumbai’s land marks and left a historic building badly damaged, it was repaired, and was in service within few months. Tata’s has shown that it is not impossible to keeping on improving performance and growing the company no matter the circumstance exists in the country of operation. They have grown in the company of present day after facing the strict colonial restriction against industries in colony. They have also showed how to grow in an unfriendly environment with government license policy which was to control the industries in the country. The name Tata is said to be in every Indian’s life is now on the path to spread its wings around the world, and aspires to become a part of everybody life around the world. References http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6068244.stm http://www.tata.com/htm/heritage/HeritageOption1.html http://www.crimt.org/Publications/CSSS_WP_No58.pdf How to cite Tata Group, Essay examples

Real Estate Purchase Essay Example For Students

Real Estate Purchase Essay Like so many things in life, when it comes to buying Real Estate, properpreparation is one of the keys to success. Dont want to find yourself in aneighborhood you dont like? Dont want to be making mortgage payments on ahouse in which you are uncomfortable? Dont want to waste your time falling inlove with houses you cant afford? In a word, prepare! One of your mostimportant tasks will be determining your needs. It can help to avoid either anasty disappointment or the pain of buying more house than you need (or canafford). Distinguishing needs from wants will go a long way in preventingexpensive mistakes in the house buying process. Establish some basic parametersand stick to them. When house hunting, it is easy to get swayed by the emotionof the momentand end up with more house than will be financially comfortable. Do your mortgage investigation early. Odds are strong that you will be workingwith Real Estate Agents when you buy a house. Before you go on a house search,familiarize yourself with how Agents work and most importantly, who theyrepresent. Thousands of buyers have made the huge mistake of assuming that theAgent with whom they were working represented them in the transaction, when, inreality, the Agent represented the seller. Determining Needs Want to save a lotof aggravation and possibly a great deal of money when you buy a house? Spend afew hours determining precisely what your needs are before you begin your housesearch. Examples of NEEDS Examples of WANTS ? Enough square footage forcomfortable living ? Carpeting color, paint color, exterior color, roof color,etc. ? Enough bedrooms to accommodate your family ? Pool or Jacuzzi (unlessfor medical reasons) ? Adequate number of bathrooms ? Wood floors ? Eat-inkitchen ? Bay windows ? Garage or basement for storage needs ? Built-inenterta inment center ? Lot size to accommodate childrens play area ? Brasslighting fixtures ? Adaptation for Handicapped ? Skylights ? Proximity to aspecific school ? A pretty view Gameplan If you havent already done so,investigate your housing needs and wants to determine what types of houses youshould be considering. Learn who The Players are in a Real Estatetransaction so that you will know who is responsible for what. Get yourfinancial picture in focus as soon as possible. Get a copy of your Credit Reportto see if there are problems or disrepencies that you need to deal with. Familiarize yourself with the mortgage process. Get Pre-Qualified from aMortgage Lender. Do this first. Your Agent will need your mortgagequalification, and it will significantly strengthen your offer when you find ahome. At LendingTree, you can submit a quick application, and within 2 businessdays get up to 4 offers from lenders so that you can compare terms and rates. Find an Agent that you trust. It is important to do this before you go rushingoff looking for homes or you may end up with no representation. See the AgentRepresentation section for an important discussion regarding whorepresents whom. When you find an acceptable house, write a contract. Negotiate your best deal. Make a formal loan application. Arrange for homeinspection. Arrange for closing agent or attorney. Make moving plansfor aninnovative and money-saving approach to moving, click here. Secure final loanapproval and commitment from the lending institution. Do a final walk through ofthe house. Final closing and settlement. Move to your new home and beginenjoying it!! The Players Real Estate is never bought and sold onyour own The vast majority of home buyers enlist the services of a Real EstateAgent, a Lender, a Professional Home Inspector, and a Closing Attorney or EscrowAgent. Knowing what each is responsible for will help your understanding of theprocess and eliminate confusion as you proceed. Sellers: Familiarize yourselfwith seller motivations and psychology. Real Estate Agents: An Agent may or maynot be your representative. an Agent will arrange to show you houses that areavailable through a Multiple Listing Service. Without the use of an Agent, youwill be limited only to those houses that are For Sale By Owner. The Agent willcoordinate the offer, negotiations and the contract of sale. Lenders: A broadterm that refers to the person originating the loan to familiarize yourself withthese lenders, whether they be banks, mortgage companies, or brokers. HomeInspectors: Responsible for a whole house inspection of a prospective property. Closing Attorney or Escrow Agents: Handles the details of the closing, wheneverything is finalized and the buyer takes possession of the house. Willcoordinate with the lender, title insurance company, Real Estate Agents, buyerand seller to make certain that everything is in order. Summary: Advantages ofBuying Real Estate On Your Own or With an Agent On Your Own With an Agent Youcan try to find a For Sale by Owner who is willing to sell at areduced price. A much wider choice of propertiesevery home that is listed withany Real Estate Agency. You are completely in control of the pace of theprocess. If represented by a Buyers Agent, the availability of a ComparativeMarket Analysis to see how the price of the house compares with the currentmarket. For better or worse, you are your own representative. An Agent hasexperience in negotiation. Can offer choices and suggestions in Home Inspectors,Closing Agents, etc. The Agent can follow up in all of the details related tothe Closing Lenders Wh en you speak of Real Estate Lenders, it can encompass alot of territory: Banks, Savings and Loans, Credit Unions, exclusive MortgageCompanies, Mortgage Brokers and others. Any of them may be a good source offinancing, depending on your personal situation. Banks, Savings and Loans,Credit Unions: Their primary business is Full Service banking andoffer mortgages as part of their product line. This may be your small, localbank, a large national bank, or your Credit Union. Note: Many Credit Unions donot offer mortgages. If you have a Credit Union available to you, check to seewhat their policy is. Mortgage Companies: Their primary or exclusive business isthe servicing of mortgages. Mortgage companies may be a separate entity, or theymay be a subsidiary of a large bank. Mortgage Brokers: Mortgage Brokers do notdo the actual lending, but act as a middleman between you and the lender. Theycan do the loan shopping for you, since they will represent severalormanydifferent lenders. Attorneys a nd Closing Agents One of the most importantPlayers in a Real Estate transaction is the person(s) who will bebringing everything together at the time of Closing: The Attorney, Closing (orEscrow) Agent. Although actual procedures will vary from state to state andprovince to province, some of the duties that will be assumed by the Attorney orClosing Agent will be: ? Coordination with the buyer, the seller, and the RealEstate Agents involved in the transaction. ? Preparation for transfer of thetitle or deed. Legally preparing for taking the house out of the sellers nameand putting it into the buyers name. ? Coordination with the lendinginstitution. Receiving all paperwork from the lender to be signed by the buyer. Ceremonies in The Waste Land EssayTo take some of the mystery out of the house sales contract, we will discusswhat the contract involves and the components of most Real Estate salescontracts. What: A legal description of the property as well as the streetaddress. How much: The selling price. Mortgage contingency: Subject to obtaininga mortgage (if applicable) and the specifics of the mortgageamount, rate andterm. Application to be made in X number of days. Deposit: How much moneyaccompanies the contract and who will hold it Closing: When and where. Inclusions and exclusions: What is and is not included in the sale of theproperty. Home inspection: Contingency for and to be done in X number of days. Warranties: Any that are included with the house and description of thewarranty. Condominium: If the property is a condo, other provisions will applyWell and Septic: If applicable, they must be tested (and pass). Termite and Pestinspection: Who will pay and if there is infestation or damage, who will repair. Possession Date: When the buyers take possession of the housebefore, at orafter closing. Acceptance: How long the sellers have to respond to the offerwith either acceptance or a counter-offer. Arbitration: Any provisions forarbitration of disputes. Insurance: Whose insurance covers the property up untilthe closing date. Property Disclosures: Notices of any property disclosuresconcerning the house. Inspecting After you have found a property that meets yourbudget and needs, the next step is to determine whether the physical conditionof the property will be acceptable. All Real Estate is definitely not createdequalthere is a great variance in the way individual homeowners maintain theirproperties. In addition, you need to be aware of any hidden defects that couldsubstantially affect the value of the home. The only way to safely determine thecondition of a property is to take advantage of every opportunity you have toinspect it. Closing It is the proverbial signing on the dotted line:the process of which will put the title to the house in your name, verifyhomeowners insurance on the property, commit in writing to the terms of themortgage, and usually, put the keys to the house in your hands. In general, youwill leave the closing and go to your new home as a homeowner. The weeks andmonths of anticipation are all settled in the short amount of time that youspend at the closing. What items will we need? The following are the mostimportant items that you will need prior to or at closing and some hintsregarding them: A Closing cost estimate: This should first be given to you byyour Agent at the time of the contract, and then given to you by the Lender, aGood Faith Estimate, shortly after the application for the loan. This shouldgive you a reasonably close estimate of funds you will need at the time ofclosing. Homeowners Insurance Policy: This must be secured prior to the date ofclosing. Settlement Statement: You should have a copy of the SettlementStatement before the d ate of Closing. Generally this will not be available untilone or two days prior to the actual Closing, but it is important to have itbecause it gives you the total amount of cash you will need at Closing and alsohow those various funds will be dispersed. In addition, it gives you anopportunity to iron out any discrepancies prior to sitting down at the Closingtable. Your Agent should also have a copy for review. Start asking for thesettlement statement 4 or 5 days before the scheduled closing. This will saveyou having to chase it down the night before your closing. Certified Funds: Onthe day of Closing you will need certified funds for closing costs and downpayments. This is an important reason for needing a copy of the SettlementStatement a day or two in advanceso you know the amount of funds needed and sothat any problems can be handled in advance. Insurances One of the primaryactivities at the closing or escrow is the verification of all of the insurancethat is needed or desired w hen buying Real Estate. Title Insurance: Insures thatthe title or deed to the home is good and marketable. This is only issued aftera successful title search. Title Insurance would most likely protect you, forexample, if an unknown additional seller (for example an ex-wife or husband)suddenly surfaced months or years after you took possession of the property. Homeowners Insurance: Insures the home against damage or theft. This insurancewill be structured to protect both you, as the owner, and the lender. There canbe a good deal of variation in policies. See the section on saving money onhomeowners insurance for hints on getting the most insurance for the leastamount of money. Personal Mortgage Insurance (PMI): This insurance, althoughpaid for by you, protects the lender against a loss should you default. It ispresent and required on the majority of loans that have less than a 20%downpayment. Recent changes in laws affecting PMI will make it easier to getthis insurance removed when the equity in your home reaches 20%. Do not confusePMI with mortgage life insurance, which would pay off your mortgage should youdie before it is paid off. Mortgage life insurance can be purchased through yourInsurance Agent, but is not required.

War in the modern world Essay Example

War in the modern world Essay War in the modern world includes terrorism and the threat of nuclear war. Explain how the Bible, the church and the teachings of Jesus may guide Christians in these matters.Christians may be guided by these things in different ways. What I mean is, all Christians have slightly different forms of authority. For example, an evangelical Christian will take the authority of the Bible a lot more than the tradition of the church. To expand on this point I have listed the mainstream denominations sources of authority.So these different sources of authority give a Christian slightly different viewpoints on war. So depending on what denomination you are a member of, you will be guided differently.The BibleThe Bible does seem very clear in its teachings about war. All through the Bible it talks about not fighting and being at peace with your neighbour.In Romans 12:17-21 the teaching is simple. The first verse, Do not repay anyone evil for evil. Be careful to do what is right in the eyes of eve rybody This is very clear. The next verse If it is possible, as far as it depends on you, live at peace with everyone. Live at peace it is all very anti-war. The emphasis is always on peace. It also says that we should not take revenge, but leave it to God, It is mine to avenge; I will re-payIn Micah 4:1-4, it talks about the coming of peace on the Earth, In the last days the mountain of the lords temple will be established as chief among the mountains; it will be raised above the hills, and peoples will stream into it. I says that warriors Will beat their swords into ploughs meaning that the soldiers of Earth will become as peaceful as the farmers. Nation will not take up sword against nation. Obviously saying that nations should be and will be at peace with one another. no-one will make them afraid (speaking about every man on Earth). This is very significant. It says that when God brings peace, there will be nothing for men to scare people with. This is important because it is sa ying that all means of war will be taken away, therefore saying that they are bad.The teachings of JesusThe teachings of Jesus are very similar, in the fact that they teach no to use violence. However, Jesus himself did use violence, in the temple. This does not mean that Christians should not take his teachings seriously, but that because he was God, he was justified in using necessary force.In Matthew 26:52, Jesus states,Put your sword back in its place, for those who live by the sword, die bye the swordThis teaching is one of Jesus simplest teaching. It is obvious what he is saying. But he is not necessarily talking about dying physically, but more of dying spiritually. If you take arms up against an enemy, he is saying that you are turning away from God(not doing his will) and polluting your sprit.In Matthew 5:9, in the famous Beatitudes, Jesus gives the teachingBlessed are the peacemakers, for they will be called the sons of God.Again Jesus is teaching that if you keep peace, a nd do not fight, you will be rewarded in heaven.Jesus also teaches in Matthew5:44. And I tell you, love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you. This also ties into his famous parable The good Samaritan. One of Jesus most profound teachings, and definitely one to look at when talking about Jesus teaching toward war, is in Mark 12:29-31, The greatest Commandment Here he clearly states that it is a great commandment, which should be obeyed, to love you neighbour. By neighbour he meant everybody in the world. There is no other teaching by Jesus which is clearer than this.The churchBecause there are so many different churches, each with its own teaching on war and peace, I am going to concentrate on three.The Church of EnglandThe C of E is involved in two on gong debates. The first one is about the just war theory. St Thomas Aquinas developed this theory in the 13 century. In it he laid down 3 conditions for which it is right to engage in a war. In the 16 Century, a forth prin ciple was added. These principles are:1 It must be on the authority of the sovereign-King or Queen, or the government2 The cause must be just3 The participant should have the right intentions.4 It should be waged by proper means.The second debate the C of E has been involved in is that of consistent Pacifism. The church itself is not consistently pacifist so it usually takes the stand of the just War and the use of force only as a last resort.The Methodist ChurchThe Methodist church teaches that war is country to the sprit, teaching and purpose of Jesus Christ. These are some extracts from a public statement made by the Methodist church:The Christian pacifist does not necessarily condemn the use of every kind of force, but refuses to employ force unaccountably or to destroy others, for example in either personal or state violence. The Christian non-pacifist does not justify every war, but reluctantly recognises that violence (force) may be used when authorised to defend against aggression, to rectify a breach or boundary, or to restrain or replace a notorious and tyrannical despot. The church upholds the right of individual members conscientiously to choose between these positions, and offers pastoral support to those on both sides of the debate.The Salvation ArmyConscientious objectorsThe salvation army respects the right of individuals to arrive at their own decisions on the question of bearing arms in military service, based on personal Christian conviction, without seeking to influence any individual in either direction. The army offers a full spiritual ministry to those arriving at either decision, with all-possible help and guidance.Based on scriptural teaching concerning respect for properly constituted civil authority, the Army consuls those who object to military service to accept the legal means provided for alternative service, where such exist.In no circumstances does the Army regard a sincere conscientious objector with any sense of stigma. It sees any such attitude as being a negation of the love of the Lord Jesus Christ, whose power alone can enable people to learn to live together in peace.Taken from the Salvation Army United Kingdom Territory Positional Statement on Conscientious objection (PS4) issued 1 November 1992.R2) Explain the arguments put forward by Christian Pacifists and demonstrate how Christian non-pacifists might support their position.Christian pacifists would say that if you believe in God how is it possible for you to contribute to the destruction of mankind? When one becomes committed to God, through any religion, that person should become improved in a substantial manner. Otherwise, why change at all if there is no benefit. Also, when the individual changes for the good, such change should also affect their community as well.Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute youin order that you may be sons of you Father in heaven. Matthew 5:44-45The word patience (patientia), is a word that during the early years of the church meant The stead fast endurance to resist evil without doing violence to the evil doer. The firm and enduring resistance to evil and violent pressures of injustice and prejudice. Pacifists would say that this old meaning of the word patience has been forgotten and should be used as such rather than it being used as a liberal term with the definition Waiting without complaintBlessed are the peacemakers for they will inherit the kingdom of God Matthew 5:3But I say to youlove your enemies and pray for those that persecute youin order that you may be the children of your father who is n heaven Matthew 5:44-45Christian Pacifists would reject all wars on the grounds that war is the ultimate example of human depravity, and any attempt to justify it through the teachings of Jesus Christ is a perversion of scripture. When one accepts the offer of salvation through God, he begins the process of becoming a new creation. Old habits will die away and be replaced wit h a new view on life. Whereas we once used violence as a means to secure what was ours and what we believed we need for the future.The whole idea of holiness is to be different. The word holy comes from the word hadios which means to be set apart for God. Where there was hatred, there is now understanding, where there was a strife there is now peace. The teachings of the New Testament show that a Christian is different to unbelievers. They are a light set up upon a hill and an example worthy to emulate. But, if we continue to hate, strive against others, kill, and cause great suffering upon others, then wherein are we different? What is the new life in Christ if we retain the old ways? When the church uses the ways of the world it gets the results of the world.Christian Pacifists reject all institutionalised violence and war because it violates the clear teachings of Jesus. War, at best may only be considered a social responsibility and not a biblical mandate. As a social responsibi lity, it is so only for a degenerate society, one that a Christian cannot be apart of. The Christian cannot share in any action, corporate or individual, that is a known contradiction to the requirement to discipleship.Christian non-pacifists support their position by using the Just War Theory. They would also say that they would defend themselves or their family if attacked. They would also say that they would support Christian Pacifism ideas and promote pacifism. St Thomas Aquinas developed the Just War Theory in the 13 century. In it he laid down 3 conditions for which it is right to engage in a war. In the 16 Century, a forth principal was added. These principles are:1 It must be on the authority of the sovereign-King or Queen, or the government2 The cause must be just3 The participant should have the right intentions.4 It should be waged by proper means.The Christians that use this idea would not say that war is a good thing, but if it has to happen then at least people sho uld follow the Just War Theory. This theory is popular among young Christians who want to serve for their country in the army, but are afraid to do so by the teachings of their church. These Christians would say that Jesus was not absolutely clear about war and violence and that the bibles meaning can be interpreted to say that war is justified when using something similar to the just war theory.R3) It takes more courage to be a conscientious objector than to fight so Christians should always support the cause of peace than war.Some Christians like the Iraenic Fellowship, (a Christian Pacifist organisation), would agree. They would say that we have to all be pacifists to set a good form o witness. They would say that if 50% of all Christians became Pacifists, then over 1 billion people would refuse to go to war, and this would force the governments to seek new ways of combating offensive countries and enemies.Christian pacifists would say that if you believe in God how is it possibl e for you to contribute to the destruction of mankind? When one becomes committed to God, through any religion, that person should become improved in a substantial manner. Otherwise, why change at all if there is no benefit. Also, when the individual changes for the good, such change should also affect their community as well.Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute youin order that you may be sons of you Father in heaven. Matthew 5:44-45The word patience (patientia), is a word that during the early years of the church meant The stead fast endurance to resist evil without doing violence to the evil doer. The firm and enduring resistance to evil and violent pressures of injustice and prejudice. Pacifists would say that this old meaning of the word patience has been forgotten and should be used as such rather than it being used as a liberal term with the definition Waiting without complaintBlessed are the peacemakers for they will inherit the kingdom of God Matthew 5:3But I say to youlove your enemies and pray for those that persecute youin order that you may be the children of your father who is n heaven Matthew 5:44-45Christian Pacifists would reject all wars on the grounds that war is the ultimate example of human depravity, and any attempt to justify it through the teachings of Jesus Christ is a perversion of scripture. When one accepts the offer of salvation through God, he begins the process of becoming a new creation. Old habits will die away and be replaced with a new view on life. Whereas we once used violence as a means to secure what was ours and what we believed we need for the future.The whole idea of holiness is to be different. The word holy comes from the word hadios which means to be set apart for God. Where there was hatred, there is now understanding, where there was a strife there is now peace. The teachings of the New Testament show that a Christian is different to unbelievers. They are a light set up upon a hill and an example wor thy to emulate. But, if we continue to hate, strive against others, kill, and cause great suffering upon others, then wherein are we different? What is the new life in Christ if we retain the old ways? When the church uses the ways of the world it gets the results of the world.Christian Pacifists reject all institutionalised violence and war because it violates the clear teachings of Jesus. War, at best may only be considered a social responsibility and not a biblical mandate. As a social responsibility, it is so only for a degenerate society, one that a Christian cannot be apart of. The Christian cannot share in any action, corporate or individual, that is a known contradiction to the requirement to discipleship.Christian non-pacifists support their position by using the Just War Theory. They would also say that they would defend themselves or their family if attacked. They would also say that they would support Christian Pacifism ideas and promote pacifism. St Thomas Aquinas devel oped the Just War Theory in the 13 century. In it he laid down 3 conditions for which it is right to engage in a war. In the 16 Century, a forth principal was added. These principles are:1 It must be on the authority of the sovereign-King or Queen, or the government2 The cause must be just3 The participant should have the right intentions.4 It should be waged by proper means.The Christians that use this idea would not say that war is a good thing, but if it has to happen then at least people should follow the Just War Theory. This theory is popular among young Christians who want to serve for their country in the army, but are afraid to do so by the teachings of their church. These Christians would say that Jesus was not absolutely clear about war and violence and that the bibles meaning can be interpreted to say that war is justified when using something similar to the just war theory.Most Christians would say that it is good to be a pacifist because it means that you are showi ng a good example to other non-Christians, and it will show them what it means to be a Christian in the modern world.

Understand the statement Essays

Understand the statement Essays Understand the statement Essay Understand the statement Essay In order to fully understand this statement, it is necessary to comprehend the key terms and what is actually meant by them. It is clear that the statement consists of a problem and a solution. The problem is finding out how things really are, and the only solution is to understand the filters through which one perceives the world. Starting off, it is important to clarify the key terms. It is interesting to research on the term really in this context. Real is a term, which can is different for everybody.This is exactly what the statement says: Every person perceives the world differently because of their individual filters, and that is why reality is different for everyone. Concluding, it is practically impossible to understand how things really are, because they will always be different to others. One of the most vital filters to be considered would be the way we receive information through our senses, and through which we receive it. Since we have several senses that sense different things (light, sound, smell, surface), we receive different information from each to create a general image of reality.All our senses have specific functions, and all of these are limited. An eye, for example, can sense light which has reflected from objects. It cannot see radio waves, which may be there a swell. Also it is not possible for the eyes to obtain information from areas which are not being looked at. The eyes have a specific field of view which cannot be altered. For most people the visual sense is the most important one because of various things, such as: orientation, emotions conveyed by sight, etc. It is clear that the same limitation rules apply for all our other sense as well.For the sense of sound, we can only receive sounds, which are in our spectrum. For taste, some things can not be tasted because our taste sensor cannot read them. For the sense of touch we can only feel things, which are big enough for our sensory receptors to read them. For example, microscopic bacteria could never be identified as microscopic bacteria by a human being. The sense of smell is directly connected to our sense of taste, so the same rules apply. We can not smell radio waves for example. Simply using our senses, there is no way to perceive, and therefore no way to know everything that is around us.Concluding from this it is virtually impossible for a human to perceive the entire world. Not only can we not know everything, but we can also know things differently from others. Concerned with just senses, people may sense things differently from others due to either a loss of an entire sense, which would make the human prone to extraordinary development and use of the other senses, or a sense of one human may be naturally or trained to be stronger and more sensitive to the information it is trying to receive.For example, people who are either blind or have a very bad eyesight (and cannot compensate this with technology), have to develop their other sense because they have gained responsibility for certain things (e. g. Orientation). Our brain is what processes the information that is given through the senses and then combined with other filters; values, conclusions, expectation, etc. are made. Even if each sense on every human was equally efficient, the difference in values, beliefs, experiences, etc.is what makes the difference in perception. For example: two people see, hear, feel and smell exactly the same thing, but yet they both react entirely differently to it. One person may be very familiar with the object, the other may have never seen, felt, heard, or smelled before. Relating to this, sensing new things is what makes a humans expiriences and lifetime. This is why it can be very easily observed how a human developes through his/her life, from the earliest age onwards.Theoretically, if humans did not age or forget, which is a malfunction or inefficiency in the human brain, a person would continuously collect and gather information, and then process it through filters in the brain for ever. Concerning filters language is probably the best example of this. All over the world, thousands of different languages are spoken. And since knowledge and perception is very much based upon identifications and descriptions of things, language is a key factor to perception. Very commonly it has happened that languages developed according to the environment people lived in, and what things their culture was exposed to.It is said that if there is no word or description for something, it is not percieved or its presence is not recognized. Because of this people that speak the same language can percieve and identify things or understand certain concepts that other languages would not be able to. All languages developed words that are significant to them and which resemble things that are of importance. A very famous and popular example would be the Inuit eskimo culture, which have more than a dozen words to describe different types of snow.A person from a developed european country would not notice or recognise these difference in snow because there are no words to describe them. The same would be the case on the other hand, where western people have many terms for different currencies and values of money, for example. For the Inuit eskimo, money might be very irrelevant and unimportant, and therefore he would not easily see any differences in banknotes, etc. Language is also very important because it is a vital method of communication, so that it is possible to express ones way of percieving the world.When a sense sends information to the brain for processing, the brain attaches various things to the information, such as: emotions, values, beliefs, etc. A very simple example would be a person who develops emotions and feelings for a member of the opposite sex. The perception of the person may be entirely different to another persons, even though the sensory information was the same. Basically, it is possible to say that the information gathered keeps getting things such as the previous attached to it. One could imagine it as a progressive ladder, with different stations where various things become added to the original information.This is called the ladder of inference. In order to prove that the statement is true, one needs to take all the above factors into consideration, and understand how all these things (eg. Perception) actually work. In order to find out how things really are one must understand the filters through which we perceive the world is actually not entirely possible, it is partially possible because things may be real for one person, and the filters through which the person percieves the world can also be understood.However, it is very difficult to explain and describe the word reality. There are two sides to debate about this. One is that reality exists no matter what, and people move around in it adapting to it and doing what is possible for them. The other is that reality is different for every single one of us, and everything revolves around us. It is certainly very relative, but the topic is very difficult to debate about. We must realise that everyone percieves the world differently because of the filters that the original information from senses is sent through to be processed further.If everybody had the same filters, then it might be possible to live in one reality and to understand eachother at all times. Since this is not the case, and filters are developed throughout ones life, it is impossible to find out how things really are, because things may be entirely different for somebody else. On the other hand, it is possible to understand each individuals perception of the world by understanding their filters.

The Emergence and development of landscape painting Article

The Emergence and development of landscape painting - Article Example The essay "The Emergence and development of landscape painting" explores landscape painting, its development, and emergence. A painter must capture the actual features of the scenery ensuring the use of appropriate colors among other elements of the art. The art has grown progressively to become a fundamental aspect of nearly every form of painting, landscape painting often form appropriate backgrounds for numerous paintings. Landscape painting has been an integral aspect of panting among other types of art for numerous years. However, the first actual landscape paintings were the frescos developed in Greece around the 1500BCE. Such were a series of paintings that had no human depiction. Besides the frescos, numerous other paintings at the time had depicted natural scenery owing to the importance of nature. Painters captured hunting scenes provided a detailed representation of the natural scenery thus giving rise to landscape painting. Landscape painting thus changed throughout the h istory of art. During such periods as the medieval, the renascence and earlier centuries, numerous artists contributed to the development of the landscape maintaining by adding new twists thus contributing to the development of the contemporary landscape painting. During the medieval times, landscape painting remained a reserve as backgrounds in other paintings. Most painters at the time depicted natural scenery only as part of other paintings. As explained earlier, natural scenery forms appropriate backgrounds for painters.

Mile Durkheim Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mile Durkheim - Essay Example His family was a rather prominent one in the Jewish community with his male lineage being rabbis. He deviated from this path and became interested in the social sciences. Durkheim found a majority of the humanities in French academia to be uninteresting; therefore he focused on the areas of psychology, philosophy, ethics, and finally sociology. Durkheim’s biggest goal with sociology was that he wanted it to be a quantitatively and scientifically method heavy field. As a result, he wanted to take the scientific method that was used in the natural sciences and use it on society in an effort to describe and predict collective behavior. He believed that a collective consciousness was the glue, which bound everyone together in society. This consisted of beliefs, values, traditions, etc. which all served an important role in unifying society. With the rise of the industrial era and an increase in the segmentation of jobs, he worried that society was changing as the economy was destr oying the collective unconsciousness. Instead, it was being replaced upon the reliability and interconnectedness of economic principles. Being one of sociology’s principle founders, Durkheim played an important role in establishing sociology as a scientific field, rather than just as an abstract humanitarian course. This was achieved because of the emphasis he placed on taking the scientific method and applying it to society so that the research and discipline in the field would proliferate. He died on November 15, 1917.

Art pieces comparison essay (from metropolitan museum of art)

Art pieces comparison (from metropolitan museum of art) - Essay Example is what I aim to achieve in this paper – I will explore on a deeper level and conduct a profound analysis and comparison of the two pieces in order to understand their similarities. It could be said that these similarities run much deeper than the primary differences between the two pieces; thus, by such an exploration I will assess whether indeed the similarities become more prominent. ‘Heart of The Andes’ depicts a beautifully detailed landscape of South America. It is a harmonious depiction of nature – with realistic colouring and immense depth. In the background is Mount Chimborazo of Ecuador, and the foreground features a moving waterfall leading to a lake. It is nature at its finest, a magnificently awe-inspiring piece with such detail that one cannot help but fall mercy to the dark, deep beauty of this landscape. ‘Garden at Sainte-Adresse’ consists of a scene along the English Channel, from the viewpoint of a garden. A family dons the garden; they appear to be spending time enjoying the weather and the view along the horizon of Honfleur. It is a domestic portrait of an upper-class family, and this serves to completely remove the sense of loneliness conveyed by ‘Heart of The Andes’. ‘Heart of The Andes’ strikes on with its intense depth – one is able to grasp the dimensions of the landscape; the vastness of the view. The eye is drawn to the dark mountains on the horizon, which tends to cause one to feel these primary darker, more emotive feelings. It is noticeable that without the mountains, the piece would not be much darker than ‘Garden at Sainte-Adresse’. The delicate detail allows one to become immersed in the landscape and properly understand its beauty. It is extremely realistic, and this serves to increase its depth and scale. It is on a much smaller scale than ‘Garden at Sainte-Adresse’, which could also be another contributor to the lost feeling it evokes. Despite its smaller scale, it is much more

Coming of Age In Mississippi

Coming of Age In Mississippi The life of Anne Moody and the events of the civil rights movement are chronicled in her autobiography and a book called Coming of Age in Mississippi which was published in 1968. In this essay, this autobiography will be drawn upon and her involvement in the movement will be analyzed. The thesis for the essay is that Anne Moodys change in perspective about the movement brought about a shift in the civil rights movement. Biographical Narrative Anne Moody was born in the Jim Crow era in Mississippi where she was also raised as a kid. The details of racism, patriarchal control, injustice and her involvement with grassroots organizations such as Congress of Racial Equity (CORE), National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) have been documented in her autobiography. Moody, as a graduate of Tugaloo College, reflects upon her participation with local leaders and other Tugaloo students in order to protest against racial injustices. Her narrative includes a piece of history, which comes from meeting many leaders and witnessing many unforgettable movements, which otherwise would never have been documented or told. Anne lends her story and voice through narrating events such as Emmett Tills lynching, Medgar Everss assassination; sit-ins and rallies in which she fully participated (Page, 2007). Factors Influencing Moody to become Involved in the Movement Anne Moody witnessed the worst form of racism and discrimination in Mississippi in the era of Jim Crow. However, the biggest factor that contributed to Annes involvement in the movement was that she was a daughter of poor African American family and a female. Her father left the family when she and her other 8 siblings were still very young. Moodys mother supported her nine children through restaurant work and domestic chores. Moody attended a segregated school in Centreville in which she seemed to be a bright student despite her impoverished conditions. Anne witnessed a lot of discrimination against women and the African Americans in the area where she lived since her childhood. Being and African American and moreover a female, she experienced a lot of discrimination and racism herself. She was active throughout her college life which forced her to work for the independence of women from discrimination and get them voting rights, to create a history for the Southerners and give the African Americans the freedom they deserve and await (eNotes.com, 2010). Change in Moodys Perspectives about the Movement Overtime Moody started to work in the fourth grade as she was the eldest in her siblings and her mother could not earn much for the nine children. She won basketball scholarship at junior college and an academic scholarship to Tugaloo College from where she graduated in 1964. Anne Moody became an activist in the civil rights movement while she was at Tugaloo College and maintained involvement with CORE, NAACP and SNCC. She was one of the three youngsters in 1963 who staged a sit-in at a segregated Woolworths lunch counter in Jackson. In the same year, Moody also took part in a march on Washington DC (eNotes.com, 2010). As Moody learned that she was both an African American and a woman, she was quick to adapt to the situations which would have been fatal. She did not allow anyone to dominate her and did not accept being an inferior African American woman to any white person or men. She never became satisfied from or accustomed to the mandated subordination due to the white people in the US. Instead, her participation in the civil rights movement expanded when she began to challenge the myths, authorities, false heirs of superiority and assumptions in the society. Her perspective about the civil rights movement changed when she began to question her assumed position and role in the society in opposition to the other white people. She also began to ask other African Americans about their fulfilling roles and why they did not react against the white racists and discrimination (Page, 2007). As Moody continued to mature, her perspective about the movement changed when she learnt about the murders, the lynching and the threats to the lives of those African Americans who reacted to the impudence and rebellion that Anne has awaited to demonstrate (Page, 2007). These crimes not only disgusted her but also they stopped her from reacting or taking any actions as she writes in her book on page 155 Negroes are being killed, beaten up, run out of town by these white folks and everything. But Negroes cant even talk about it (Moody, p.155). Moody constantly learned about the differences between expectations and behaviors and the rules governing the whites and the African Americans. She sought to move out of Mississippi as she never accepted the Jim Crow system. She moved out to New Orleans and Baton Rouge to live with her relatives. She expected to find equality and more freedom there but was disappointed there as she again encountered racism and prejudices. She learnt that the rea lity is that these flavors of discriminations and racism are present all over the Southern states (Page, 2007). When she returned to her home state Mississippi, she learned that it was even more difficult to live in the state than before as the fear of losing own life and the life of loved ones was pertinent in the African Americans. At this point in time, Anne Moody became fed up of the differences shown by the African Americans, her community, her friends and her family. She decided to step up and make a difference as she could no longer be afraid and inactive. She notes in her autobiography Courage was growing in me too. Little by little it was getting harder and harder for me not to speak out (Moody, p.163). This led Anne to attend a greater number of meetings with the city leaders, other Tugaloo students and professors, and activists. She participated in a number of marches, riots, meetings, rallies, sit-ins and many other activities in order to fight and plead for equal rights for all the African American citizens (Page, 2007). Reflection of Moodys Change in Perspective In the 1950s, the major strategies involved in the civil rights movement were litigation and lobbying in order to abolish discrimination against the African Americans. However, in 1955, the black citizens became frustrated because of the gradual approaches of the state and federal governments to implement desegregation. The other reason for this frustration was the massive resistance from the proponents of voter suppression and racial segregation. Most of the actions that were taken in the 1950s and the early 1960s were nonviolent resistance and indirect actions by the African Americans. However, these actions were not voiced until the mid and the late 1960 when the civil rights movement took major steps such as the march on Washington and speech by Martin Luther King. In the past, it was difficult for the African American leaders to cooperate and work on a combined purpose. The strategy of the civil rights movement emphasized more direct actions and mass action replaced litigation. Therefore the civil rights movement reaped no results in the 1950s and early 1960s. However, when the African Americans united and the people felt courageous, then only results such as nullification of the legal article of separate but equal, banning of segregation, banning of discrimination in employment practices in 1964 and restoring of voting rights. These broader shifts in the civil rights movement from the 1950s to 1960s hence reflect the changing perspective of Moodys activism. She was active at first but then was discouraged by the lack of cooperation of the blacks and the height of murdering and killings of African Americans by the white people. Then she again became courageous and became active with participation in the riots and other strategies. . Conclusion Hence the change in perspective of Anne Moore about the movement was clearly reflected upon the broader shifts in the civil rights movement from 1950s to the end of 1960. The movement was taken by storm because of the mass action of the African Americans which can also be reflected by Moodys growing courage when she returned to Mississippi. Although Moody became disenchanted with the movement earlier when she moved out to another state, but she became an active member of the movement afterwards as the perspective of civil rights movement also shifted.

Responding to Socrates’ Pedagogical Provocation :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Responding to Socrates’ Pedagogical Provocation ABSTRACT: In this paper I examine the text of the Symposium to illustrate two non-philosophical responses to Socrates’ pedagogical provocation. While Apollodorus and Aristodemus, two Socratic disciples, demonstrate their erotic commitment to Socrates, they do not practice philosophy. They manifest their non-philosophical behavior in two ways. First, they idolize and imitate Socrates. Second, they constantly tell stories about Socrates. In the first section I analyze Aristodemus’ and Apollodorus’ emotional attachment to Socrates. While both disciples are genuinely protective of Socrates, their behavior often precludes the practice of philosophy. In the second section, I examine the nuances of the narrative frame of the Symposium. Apollodorus and Aristodemus both express their commitment to Socrates by telling stories about him. While their stories do preserve knowledge about Socrates, they are unpersuasive spokespersons for the philosophical life. They remain mire d in their personal love for Socrates. In the third section, I interpret Plato’s rhetorical use of anonymity as a strategy designed to mitigate against the dangers of discipleship. In this paper, I examine the text of the Symposium to illustrate two non-philosophical responses to Socrates’ pedagogical provocation. While Apollodorus and Aristodemus, two Socratic disciples, demonstrate their erotic commitment to Socrates, they do not practice philosophy. They manifest their non-philosophical behavior in two ways. First, they idolize and imitate Socrates. Second, they constantly tell stories about Socrates. Unfortunately, these practices do not lead them toward a genuine philosophical commitment. They remain mired in their personal love for Socrates. I then interpret Plato’s rhetorical use of anonymity as a possible strategy designed to mitigate against the dangers of discipleship. 1. Imitation of Socrates' Non-narrative Behavior When Aristodemus arrives at Agathon's party without Socrates, his solitary appearance surprises Agathon. Upon seeing Aristodemus without Socrates, Agathon acts as if such an occurrence were an anomaly. Somewhat bewildered, Agathon exclaims "but where is he?" (174e8). Apparently, Aristodemus follows Socrates around everywhere. Apollodorus' concluding description of Aristodemus reveals that the man habitually followed Socrates everywhere; "He [Aristodemus] followed him [Socrates] just as he was accustomed" (223e10).(1) Given this behavior, it is not surprising that Agathon cannot imagine a circumstance in which he would find Aristodemus without Socrates. Early in the dialogue, Apollodorus suggests that Aristodemus engages in this behavior because he is "obsessed with Socrates" (173b). When Apollodorus tells us that Aristodemus "followed Socrates just as he was accustomed" (223e10), he uses the word, hepomai. The Greek word hepomai carries the sense of "following as an attendant" (Liddell and Scott 310).

Certificate and Diploma in Child Care and Education

?What do the qualifications cover? These qualifications prepare you to work unsupervised or in a supervisory capacity with children and their families in a variety of settings. These could include nurseries, children’s centres, home-based child care pre-schools or schools. Who are they suitable for? Anyone wanting to work with Children and Young People. What are the entry requirements? You will need to be least 16 years old. CACHE does not set any other entry requirements but colleges or training providers may have their own guidelines.How are they assessed? They will be assessed by your tutor and CACHE. You will need to complete written assignments for the Award and a short answer test and written assignments for the Certificate. For the Diploma, assessment is the same as for the Award and Certificate plus additional written assignments, assessment of your performance in the workplace and a research task. ?Do you need to be working to take the qualifications? No, but you will be required to spend some time in different practical placements to complete the Diploma.How long do they take to complete? You can usually complete the Diploma in 2 years. The Award and Certificate can be completed in less time. What related qualifications can you progress to? The Level 5 Diploma in Leadership for Health and Social Care and Children and Young People’s Services (England) (QCF) or a degree. UCAS Information The following points are available for this qualification Award – 10 to 30 points Certificate – 35 to 110 points Diploma – 120 to 360 points To work out your UCAS grades, we have a handy calculator to help you.

Free Essays on The Joy Luck Club

Amy Tan’s the Joy Luck Club is a prime example of real mother and daughter relationships that are strengthened over time. Through four Chinese pairs of mothers and daughters, Tan shows the true bond that gets stronger as the woman grow up together. The mother’s come from different backgrounds and have all experienced different childhoods than their daughters growing up in America. These cultural differences make it hard for Waverly Jong and Jing Mei Woo, two of the daughters growing up in America, to accept their mother’s advice. Throughout the text, Tan uncovers Chinese culture that Waverly and Jing Mei’s mothers are trying to instill in the girls. From their love of food, to their love for one another to succeed, Amy Tan exposes the realities between mother and daughter relationships and the importance of understanding each other and each other’s true culture. Both Waverly and Jing Mei Woo are especially close in character, growing up in America with Chinese mother’s guiding their way. Both mother’s wish for their daughters to be successful and happy, and eventually try and make them both into prodigies using their skills acquired during their childhood to fuel the desire to be happy. Through these failures in childhood, and achievements later in life, both mother and daughter accept one another for the women that they are and the culture they grew up in. Lindo Jong, Waverly’s mother, is seen through her story â€Å"The Red Candle†, which describes mother’s expectations for their daughter’s future. In China, where Lindo was raised, she was forced into marriage around age 12 to save her family and was told to â€Å"obey your family. Do not disgrace us†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (54) She was forced to follow what her mother in law said to do and she said she once â€Å"sacrificed my life to keep my parent’s promise.† (49) Lindo muted her feelings about the relationship to save fa... Free Essays on The Joy Luck Club Free Essays on The Joy Luck Club Amy Tan’s the Joy Luck Club is a prime example of real mother and daughter relationships that are strengthened over time. Through four Chinese pairs of mothers and daughters, Tan shows the true bond that gets stronger as the woman grow up together. The mother’s come from different backgrounds and have all experienced different childhoods than their daughters growing up in America. These cultural differences make it hard for Waverly Jong and Jing Mei Woo, two of the daughters growing up in America, to accept their mother’s advice. Throughout the text, Tan uncovers Chinese culture that Waverly and Jing Mei’s mothers are trying to instill in the girls. From their love of food, to their love for one another to succeed, Amy Tan exposes the realities between mother and daughter relationships and the importance of understanding each other and each other’s true culture. Both Waverly and Jing Mei Woo are especially close in character, growing up in America with Chinese mother’s guiding their way. Both mother’s wish for their daughters to be successful and happy, and eventually try and make them both into prodigies using their skills acquired during their childhood to fuel the desire to be happy. Through these failures in childhood, and achievements later in life, both mother and daughter accept one another for the women that they are and the culture they grew up in. Lindo Jong, Waverly’s mother, is seen through her story â€Å"The Red Candle†, which describes mother’s expectations for their daughter’s future. In China, where Lindo was raised, she was forced into marriage around age 12 to save her family and was told to â€Å"obey your family. Do not disgrace us†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (54) She was forced to follow what her mother in law said to do and she said she once â€Å"sacrificed my life to keep my parent’s promise.† (49) Lindo muted her feelings about the relationship to save fa...

C&C essays

C&C essays In public key cryptography, there are 2 keys. One is public and other is private. If something is encrypted using the public key, it can only be decrypted using the private key. Therefore, all e-commerce merchants publicize their public keys. They also securely maintain their private key. Private Key should never be revealed. Anyone who wants to contact the merchant encrypts his information using the merchants key and only the merchant can decrypt this information. Note that once encrypted, not even the customer can decrypt this since he does not know the private key. Please note that there is ONLY one pair of such keys. There is one private key (which we keep securely) and one public key which we distribute to anyone who wants to talk securely with us. In case of license keys, there is a slight difference. Here, xxx is initiating a transaction and information is flowing towards the customers (in the form of license key). Since we do not want to distribute our private key to customers, we will encrypt license key using our private key. The public key will be embedded in the product code. Using this public key, only xxx products will be capable of decrypting the licenses and using them. So, with this little background, we need to generate 2 keys (private and public) for xxx. The keys can be generated using OpenSSL as follows: openssl genrsa -out private.pem 248 This key contains both the public and private keys and to separate the public key we can use : openssl rsa -in private.pem -out public.pem -outform PEM pubout The public key can now be embedded in all xxx products (see example at the end of this document), and private key is securely maintained by us. Next step is to determine what information to use to generate a License for the paying customer. Again, this pair of public and private keys will be unique for business. For every license, the same private key will be used to encrypt the lic ...

Picture Archiving Computer Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Picture Archiving Computer Systems - Essay Example The PACS system has at the base the modalities, which are the imaging equipment. A Radiologic Information System manages the data and processes requests for information, billing, and scheduling of appointments. High-resolution monitors are located at workstations to view the images, or the data is transmitted to mobile devices over wireless transmission. PACS has many advantages over the traditional method of film reproduction, viewing, and storage. Digital archiving takes far less physical space and can be located offsite. The digital images can be transmitted to any area with the restrictions of geography and time. In addition, PACS allows multiple specialists to consult on a problem or offer a second opinion. The specialists can be available around the clock at any remote location. The cost savings can be significant. Staff can be restructured to reduce redundant tasks and capital equipment can be more fully utilized. While PACS has considerable advantages over the traditional film storage, it is also prone to problems. There can be hidden costs in the conversion of existing data. Infrastructure, such as transmission lines, needs to be upgraded to handle the increased data flow. The move towards an enterprise PACS solution can be daunting when making compromises of standardization against the best available technology on a departmental basis. In addition, staff will need to be retrained and skills upgraded to work in the PACS computerized environment. The concerns of data storage are considerable. As more examinations are performed and more departments begin to utilize PACS, the capabilities of the hospital or medical center may be overwhelmed. Outside application service providers will need to be hired to manage the storage, retrieval, and transmission of the data. In implementing PACS, it becomes necessary to make the data available to many individuals that may or may not require it. HIPAA has mandated requirements for the storage and transmission of this data. In addition, personal privacy of medical records has become ever more important. Security will be one of the paramount issues concerning the implementation of PACS. PACS is here to stay and will continue to grow and evolve. Hospital and PACS administrators will need to be multi-skilled to manage the flowering new opportunities. PACS has the opportunity to be a cost effective enhancement to patient care, but runs the risk of being a high-cost failure if implemented incorrectly or without prudent planning. 1.0 Introduction Daniel Federman, the Associate Dean of Harvard Medical School, once commented that, "We in medicine love progress...but we don't like change" (qtd. in Sandow and Hogben 59). Federman's comment illustrates the love-hate relationship that medicine has with the

Tort Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tort - Essay Example Most tort cases occur due to negligence. This is where a person causing the harm did not do it with ill intentions. However, the neglect that came into play led to the suffering of another. This paper will review some tort risks that arose in the product liability video and tort violations from the video. Product liability is where the manufactured products of any company may cause harm to their consumers. Negligence that may have taken place in the company at the time of manufacture may be the cause of this. They are liable for law suits from those affected. They then have to pay for damages through monetary compensation (Currie & Cameron, 2000). This is if the affected party can prove beyond doubt that they were harmed by the product consumption. Tort risks that may arise from the product liability video include medical malpractice, and automobile accidents. These risks may bring harm to consumers and customers involved with the products produced by these companies. The negligence that may occur during the manufacture of some of these products can cause law suits for product liability (Currie & Cameron, 2000). Consumers have a right to safe products. But a good question arises about the safety of products, â€Å"how safe is safe enough?† The answer is often given by the manufacturer about their product to convince consumers of safety. However, if problems arise after the consumption of such products, it is usually termed as a breach of contract. This is because the manufacturer promised safety, but failed to deliver on that promise (Deakin, 2008). This is equated to a breach of contract. They are, therefore, liable for a lawsuit from the person affected. Today, a breach of any contract is often termed as a tort, or a civil wrong. A tort violation in the video is product malfunction. This is where a fully manufactured product ceases to function normally. The result of this is personal injury to the consumer of that product. It is the job of