Tata Group Free Essays

Tata group of companies, it is said that there is Tata in every Indian’s life directly or indirectly. Tata group of companies is India’s largest conglomerate. Tata group is made up of 90 operating companies in seven different industries which makes it India’s largest conglomerate. We will write a custom essay sample on Tata Group or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tata group was founded by Jamsetji Tata in 1868. The founder of the Tata group was a visionary who was a traveler and loved travelling around the world. Jamsetji Tata was born in a small town of Navsari in Gujarat India. In his early working life, he worked with his dad in his banking firm. He wanted to start a new business, and he did start a trading company while working with his father in his banking firm. Then in he established a textile mill which he named as empress mill as a smart move to avoid any British opposition. This was the first stem to the huge Tata group which it is today. Jamsetji Tata was a traveler and brought many ideas about business in his travel. He saw new things and technology used in other countries in his travel he brought those things and new ideas home and employed them in his company and helped the country in the path of industrialization. Jamsetji Tata created trust and one of these trusts today holds the majority of the shares in the Tata group of companies. Jamsetji Tata’s one of the dream, was to construct a hotel which was the best in India and has to be the most luxuries in India. The Taj Mahal Hotel was the first building in Bombay to use electricity. Jamsetji wanted to build the best hotel in India after he was denied entry in one of the hotels in Bombay because he was Indian. The hotel which was completed, in 1904 was one of the great marvels of Tata group in Jamsetji Tata’s life time (Tata Group, n. d. ). The next big thing which happened in, the progress of the Tata Group was the establishment of iron and steel plant which was the first iron and steel plant in India. It was a challenge to start an iron and steel plant in India as there was an ever present pressure from the British raj. However, Sir Dorab Tata made it the reality when he started the steel plant near Jamshedpur. The new company was called Tata steel, which is the 10th largest steel manufacturer in the world currently. The company was established a century ago by Sir Dorab Tata in 1907. Sir Dorab Tata was also established first hydroelectric power plant which was the beginning of Tata power. Tata power is India’s largest private sector power generating company. One of the best companies in the Tata group ware established in the life time of Sir Dorab Tata. The founders of Tata group where not only the business men but also nationalist. In 1911 after seven years, after the death of Jamsetji Tata the first science instate was established in Bangalore. Where the bright brains of India can cultivate their aspirations in science, and technology. Tata’s ware fully aware of their corporate social responsibility towards society, and their country as whole (Tata group, n. d. ). The institute established by the Tata’s is today’s premier research and development institute which is in Bangalore. In its 375 acres campus, the Indian Institute of science hosts 40 departments and centers of various fields of science. Institute constantly performs research and development of cutting edge science in association with space research organization and defense research organization. Tata institute of fundamental research is one of the best research institute in the country. There are many such institutes which where the vision of the founders of Tata group, which are serving the country and society as a whole. Tata Group is also known for employee satisfaction. Tatas ware first to introduce the 8 hour working day in 1912 long before it was introduced in the western countries, they were first to introduce the provident funds which is a kind of savings account in which a certain percentage of pay is deducted, and deposited in the account, and the same percentage of the amount is matched by the employee, and deposited in same provident fund account, this was a kind of social security which was way ahead of its time. Provident fund was made compulsory by the Indian government for every company after 1952. Tata group in their process of employee satisfaction has constructed cities. Jamshedpur is very good example of the fastest growing and developing city in the country, is founded by the Tata group, to provide housing facility for the workers working in countries first steel plants, and it is named after the founder of Tata group Jamsetji Tata. With the death, of Sir Dorab Tata In 1932 Tata group lost its one of the great leaders. Sir Nowroji Tata became the chairmen of the group. By this time, Tata Group was in many business and industries. However, Sir Nowroji Tata died in 1038, and the responsibility of the company was on young 34 year old JDR Tata. JDR Tata came with new ideas, to further expanded the company. JRD Tata was the first in the country to get a commercial pilot’s license. He was the one who took the Indian in to the aviation age the first commercial aviation company was established by JDR Tata. The Tata Airlines was the first airlines of India which is still the largest airlines in the country. However, the Tata airlines was nationalized and is now known as Indian Airlines after the government of India took over the company from Tata group and regulated the aviation market and was the only airlines in the country for a long time. JDR Tata was the chair man of Tata Group for fifty three years and during his leadership Tata Group expanded in new industries. Under JRD Tata’s leadership, the company from independence to 1990 despite stringent regulations and license raj was able to grow constantly and was able to start their business in new areas. Tata started Tata Chemicals in the year 1939. Tata Motors and Tata Industries in 1945, Voltas in 1954 which is manufacturing home appliance, Tata tea, which is one of the largest tea company of the world was established under his leader ship, Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) India’s largest Information Technology company by market capitalization was established in the year 1968, and the Titan Industries in the year 1984 (Tata group, n. d. ). JDR Tata steep down from the position of being chair man of that group in 1991. Ratan N. Tata took over the position as the chair person of the company and still a chair person of the company. Ratan Tata became the chair person in the mist of new economic reforms in the country where government removed many restrictions. The Indian government lifted many regulations to do business and started the end of the license raj. New entry of international origination gave competition in many industries to the Tata group. Tata group had new arena to do business in this newly freed market. Tata Group, one of the old and strong business groups whose business has seen many rough time the company in 1990 at last able to operate in a free market where it can perform to its full potential. Tata group was started as a modest trading company by the founder Jamsetji Tata is now one of India’s Biggest Company. Tata Group consists of 90 operating company which consists of communication, Information technology, chemicals, consumer products, engineering, materials, and many more industries (Tata Group, n. d. ). Tata Group is based in Mumbai India is not just an Indian company it is a global enterprise. Tata Group earns more revenues from operations outside India then that from the domestic market with in India. Tata Group earns 57 percent of its revenue, which is, $67. billion in 2009-2010 came from business outside India and rest form the business in the country. Out of 90 company the company has 28 publicly listed companies whose market capitalization is of around $98. 11 billion. The company has the share holder base of 3. 5 million. The Tata group is present in 85 countries worldwide and employees around 395,000 people worldwide (Tata Group, n. d. ). The present chairman of Tata group is Ratan Tata he is the chairman of Tata Sons the promoting company of Tata group and hence the chair man of Tata Group. Ratan Tata was born on December 28, 1937 he is the grandson of the founder Jamsetji Tata. He was raised by his grandmother Navajibai. He has done bachelors in architecture from Cornell University in 1962. He has further studied advance management program from Harvard Business School and graduated in 1975. Ratan Tata becomes the chairman of Tata sons and Tata Group in 1990. This was the time when then Indian government decided to open the Indian market to the international competition. Then Indian government also opened many industries to the private-sector investment. Tata Group being one of the biggest group in India was well in a position to take advantage of the situation presented to them and during the same time Ratan Tata was chosen by JRD Tata as the chairman of Tata group. However, Ratan Tata did not become the chairman of Tata group directly. Initially he got a job offer in IBM which he declined with the advice of JRD Tata. He started first working in Tata steel in Jamshedpur where he worked on the floor making steel in front of blast furnish. This was like a training ground for him for the feature responsibilities (Tata Group, n. . ) Tata Group is headed by a dynamic leader Ratan Tata has two decision making groups. These groups are called Group executive office, and Group corporate center. These groups divide decision-making responsibility. Group executive office, the main objectives of the group executive office are to implement the programs in relation with governance, human resource, etc. group executive office also works to improve the synergistic between various companies within the group and also to improve synergistic between group and individual companies in the group. The current GEO comprises of Ratan Tata, R Gopalakrishnan, Ishaat Hussain, Kishor Chaukar, and Arunkumar Gandhi. (Tata group, n. d. ) The other decision making body in management structure of the company is Group Corporate Center. This decision-making body in management works on promoting the Tata brand in the country, and around the world. The group issues policies for the growth of the company and entry in to a new area of business are reviewed in this decision-making group. Group corporate center also provides advices on financial, human resource, legal, and functional issues as and when necessary to companies in the group. The present members in the group are Ratan Tata the chairman, JJ Irani, RK Krishna Kumar, R Gopalakrishnan, Ishaat Hussain, Kishor Chaukar and Arunkumar Gandhi. The Tata group commits it shelf to the country they operate, and to improve the quality of life of the people who work in the group, and the communities in which Tata group operates its business. Tata group is a value driven company and they believe very strongly in their values, and have five core values which help them as a guide for growth and in the arena business of Tata group. Tata group strongly believes in integrity, and they believe that the business which they perform should be conducted in a fair manner and with honesty. The business process should be transparent. The group also believes in understanding the customer and the employees specially. Tata group strongly believes that in doing business, they should act with compassion and humanity towards the customer to whom they serve and in the internal operation of the company between the colleagues within the company. Tata group thinks that they should do their best in day to day work. They believe that the product, which they provide, to their customer should be of the best quality. They believe that they should raise their standard of works in day to day working. They also believe that they as a group should work more cohesively. It is also important that they work in unity between the companies and their partners around the world. Tata group believes that working in a united manner can result in excellent results, which impact the growth and development of the company, and Tata group as whole. Tata Group thinks it is responsible to the communities in which they operate their business, and it thinks that they are responsible towards the country, in which they operate. Tata group believes, in providing more to the people than what they received from them. Tata group also believes strongly in their code of conduct and do their day of the day operation in accordance with their code of conduct. They have twenty five clauses which make their code of conducts and works as a guide for their operation in day to day operation of the company. Tata group thinks that innovation is the best way to progress and with the innovation they can achieve what they want to achieve in the business. The best example the company has displayed is by Tata motors. The Tata Nano is an example for the innovative side of the Tata group. The nano car, which is the cheapest car in the world, Tata nano costs around 100,000 Indian rupees which translates to around $2500 depending on the present exchange rates. Many in the automotive industry said that the car was impossible to make. It was the brain child of Ratan Tata the chairman of Tata sons and Tata Group. Ratan Tata saw the Indian, middle class family of four crammed on a two-wheeler on a wet road. It is very dangerous to drive on the road in such conditions, especially in India where traffic condition is very bad. Ratan Tata got an idea of making a car which will be affordable to the emerging middle class of India. This engineering challenge which they had been never accomplished in the history of modern day automobile industry. In the early 2003 on the sides of a business meeting, Ratan Tata expressed his wish to make an affordable car for the people of India. This was going to be a challenge, and Ratan Tata knew about it very well. He called five engineers from Tata motors to Bombay house to give them the challenge of doing which was never done before. The team of the engineers did not have any kind of idea about what they are up to and came with the ideas of cheap transport. They only got the idea of the challenge when the chairman him shelf told them about his idea of INR 100,000 cars. The team was given the challenge was going to do something which did not have a bench mark, for next four years they were working on one man’s dream which can affect an entire country of 1. 2 billion people and their safety on the roads. During the process, of building the cheapest car of the world Tata motors has to start completely from the basics of car building. Engineers at Tata motors had to start over as they were not able to get parts from exiting suppliers around the world which can fit within the pries tag of the car. They did what Tata Group is all know about Innovate (Tata Moters , n. . ). Engineers at Tata motors ware able to create the marvel the Tata nan, which is the cheapest car of the world. The car was holding the price tag of INR 100,000 despite the increase in the raw material price. The car was launched on early 2009. The Tata group is not Just accomplished building a car, but in many other business too they have created the cheapest water which do not use the electricity and uses the natural materials and is cheap so that the poor farmers in a remote village can use the water filter which is called Tata Swach. This innovative feat achieved by Tata chemicals was a life changing for many rural population of India where pure water or water purification system are very costly are not cheaply available. The Tata has done it again by innovating and not only providing the solution to the problem but also providing it cheaply so that it can be used by the common Indian. The Tata Group has become the integral part of every Indian’s life is not just confined to India. Tata group is present in 85 countries. Tata group now came to the world stage my major industrial acquisition. The biggest of them all was the acquiring of Cores. Corus was the biggest steel producer of steel in Europe and was a high end steel producer. Tata steel is the low end steel producer as the market demands in India. Tata steel was mainly focused on Indian market was the second largest steel producer in India. There was no presence of Tata steel in Europe before the takeover of the company. This is the biggest takeover by any Indian company in the world. Corus was the second largest steel producer in Europe, Tata when acquired Corus made it the fifth largest steel producer in the world. Tata acquired Corus for $8. 1 billion and promised to fuse funds in Corus pension fund. This over take was also symbolizing the growth of Tata after 1990’s, during this two decades it has expanded in ever growing Indian market and also has stretched its wings in the international market, as well. The only way where it can expand to the world stage is by acquiring other companies, and as done my many Indian companies recently the deal between Tata and Corus was showing the newly found strength in Indian companies around the world. â€Å"One minute world news â€Å", 2006) Tata group did not only acquired the Corus but acquired many other brands or companies around the world. Tata motors have acquired at least one brand or company every since 2004. In 2004 Tata motors acquired the Daewoo motors. The Tata Daewoo has a very big market around the world and sells trucks under the name of Daewoo in South Korea and Pakistan and under Tata name around the world. In 2005 Tata motors acquired, Hispano Carrocera is one of the largest manufacturer of buses in Europe. Tata Motors acquired entire 100 percent stake in the company in 2009. Tata motors become biggest bus manufacturer in Europe with the acquisition of the company. Other big acquisition and most widely know is when Tata motors bought the famous and esteemed British car manufacturer Jaguar with this Tata motors came in European high end car market. Tata now owned the famous brands like Land rover and has truly become a global brand. Tata group has been at the fore front of the overtaking global company recently has also faced with many issues due to the down turn of the global economy. There were few issues not related to the economy but completely different like a terror attack on 26 November 2008 on an iconic Taj Mehal hotel in Mumbai which was constructed by non other than the founder of the group him shelf Jamsetji Tata more than a century ago. The attack was on the one of Mumbai’s land marks and left a historic building badly damaged, it was repaired, and was in service within few months. Tata’s has shown that it is not impossible to keeping on improving performance and growing the company no matter the circumstance exists in the country of operation. They have grown in the company of present day after facing the strict colonial restriction against industries in colony. They have also showed how to grow in an unfriendly environment with government license policy which was to control the industries in the country. The name Tata is said to be in every Indian’s life is now on the path to spread its wings around the world, and aspires to become a part of everybody life around the world. References http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6068244.stm http://www.tata.com/htm/heritage/HeritageOption1.html http://www.crimt.org/Publications/CSSS_WP_No58.pdf How to cite Tata Group, Essay examples

Real Estate Purchase Essay Example For Students

Real Estate Purchase Essay Like so many things in life, when it comes to buying Real Estate, properpreparation is one of the keys to success. Dont want to find yourself in aneighborhood you dont like? Dont want to be making mortgage payments on ahouse in which you are uncomfortable? Dont want to waste your time falling inlove with houses you cant afford? In a word, prepare! One of your mostimportant tasks will be determining your needs. It can help to avoid either anasty disappointment or the pain of buying more house than you need (or canafford). Distinguishing needs from wants will go a long way in preventingexpensive mistakes in the house buying process. Establish some basic parametersand stick to them. When house hunting, it is easy to get swayed by the emotionof the momentand end up with more house than will be financially comfortable. Do your mortgage investigation early. Odds are strong that you will be workingwith Real Estate Agents when you buy a house. Before you go on a house search,familiarize yourself with how Agents work and most importantly, who theyrepresent. Thousands of buyers have made the huge mistake of assuming that theAgent with whom they were working represented them in the transaction, when, inreality, the Agent represented the seller. Determining Needs Want to save a lotof aggravation and possibly a great deal of money when you buy a house? Spend afew hours determining precisely what your needs are before you begin your housesearch. Examples of NEEDS Examples of WANTS ? Enough square footage forcomfortable living ? Carpeting color, paint color, exterior color, roof color,etc. ? Enough bedrooms to accommodate your family ? Pool or Jacuzzi (unlessfor medical reasons) ? Adequate number of bathrooms ? Wood floors ? Eat-inkitchen ? Bay windows ? Garage or basement for storage needs ? Built-inenterta inment center ? Lot size to accommodate childrens play area ? Brasslighting fixtures ? Adaptation for Handicapped ? Skylights ? Proximity to aspecific school ? A pretty view Gameplan If you havent already done so,investigate your housing needs and wants to determine what types of houses youshould be considering. Learn who The Players are in a Real Estatetransaction so that you will know who is responsible for what. Get yourfinancial picture in focus as soon as possible. Get a copy of your Credit Reportto see if there are problems or disrepencies that you need to deal with. Familiarize yourself with the mortgage process. Get Pre-Qualified from aMortgage Lender. Do this first. Your Agent will need your mortgagequalification, and it will significantly strengthen your offer when you find ahome. At LendingTree, you can submit a quick application, and within 2 businessdays get up to 4 offers from lenders so that you can compare terms and rates. Find an Agent that you trust. It is important to do this before you go rushingoff looking for homes or you may end up with no representation. See the AgentRepresentation section for an important discussion regarding whorepresents whom. When you find an acceptable house, write a contract. Negotiate your best deal. Make a formal loan application. Arrange for homeinspection. Arrange for closing agent or attorney. Make moving plansfor aninnovative and money-saving approach to moving, click here. Secure final loanapproval and commitment from the lending institution. Do a final walk through ofthe house. Final closing and settlement. Move to your new home and beginenjoying it!! The Players Real Estate is never bought and sold onyour own The vast majority of home buyers enlist the services of a Real EstateAgent, a Lender, a Professional Home Inspector, and a Closing Attorney or EscrowAgent. Knowing what each is responsible for will help your understanding of theprocess and eliminate confusion as you proceed. Sellers: Familiarize yourselfwith seller motivations and psychology. Real Estate Agents: An Agent may or maynot be your representative. an Agent will arrange to show you houses that areavailable through a Multiple Listing Service. Without the use of an Agent, youwill be limited only to those houses that are For Sale By Owner. The Agent willcoordinate the offer, negotiations and the contract of sale. Lenders: A broadterm that refers to the person originating the loan to familiarize yourself withthese lenders, whether they be banks, mortgage companies, or brokers. HomeInspectors: Responsible for a whole house inspection of a prospective property. Closing Attorney or Escrow Agents: Handles the details of the closing, wheneverything is finalized and the buyer takes possession of the house. Willcoordinate with the lender, title insurance company, Real Estate Agents, buyerand seller to make certain that everything is in order. Summary: Advantages ofBuying Real Estate On Your Own or With an Agent On Your Own With an Agent Youcan try to find a For Sale by Owner who is willing to sell at areduced price. A much wider choice of propertiesevery home that is listed withany Real Estate Agency. You are completely in control of the pace of theprocess. If represented by a Buyers Agent, the availability of a ComparativeMarket Analysis to see how the price of the house compares with the currentmarket. For better or worse, you are your own representative. An Agent hasexperience in negotiation. Can offer choices and suggestions in Home Inspectors,Closing Agents, etc. The Agent can follow up in all of the details related tothe Closing Lenders Wh en you speak of Real Estate Lenders, it can encompass alot of territory: Banks, Savings and Loans, Credit Unions, exclusive MortgageCompanies, Mortgage Brokers and others. Any of them may be a good source offinancing, depending on your personal situation. Banks, Savings and Loans,Credit Unions: Their primary business is Full Service banking andoffer mortgages as part of their product line. This may be your small, localbank, a large national bank, or your Credit Union. Note: Many Credit Unions donot offer mortgages. If you have a Credit Union available to you, check to seewhat their policy is. Mortgage Companies: Their primary or exclusive business isthe servicing of mortgages. Mortgage companies may be a separate entity, or theymay be a subsidiary of a large bank. Mortgage Brokers: Mortgage Brokers do notdo the actual lending, but act as a middleman between you and the lender. Theycan do the loan shopping for you, since they will represent severalormanydifferent lenders. Attorneys a nd Closing Agents One of the most importantPlayers in a Real Estate transaction is the person(s) who will bebringing everything together at the time of Closing: The Attorney, Closing (orEscrow) Agent. Although actual procedures will vary from state to state andprovince to province, some of the duties that will be assumed by the Attorney orClosing Agent will be: ? Coordination with the buyer, the seller, and the RealEstate Agents involved in the transaction. ? Preparation for transfer of thetitle or deed. Legally preparing for taking the house out of the sellers nameand putting it into the buyers name. ? Coordination with the lendinginstitution. Receiving all paperwork from the lender to be signed by the buyer. Ceremonies in The Waste Land EssayTo take some of the mystery out of the house sales contract, we will discusswhat the contract involves and the components of most Real Estate salescontracts. What: A legal description of the property as well as the streetaddress. How much: The selling price. Mortgage contingency: Subject to obtaininga mortgage (if applicable) and the specifics of the mortgageamount, rate andterm. Application to be made in X number of days. Deposit: How much moneyaccompanies the contract and who will hold it Closing: When and where. Inclusions and exclusions: What is and is not included in the sale of theproperty. Home inspection: Contingency for and to be done in X number of days. Warranties: Any that are included with the house and description of thewarranty. Condominium: If the property is a condo, other provisions will applyWell and Septic: If applicable, they must be tested (and pass). Termite and Pestinspection: Who will pay and if there is infestation or damage, who will repair. Possession Date: When the buyers take possession of the housebefore, at orafter closing. Acceptance: How long the sellers have to respond to the offerwith either acceptance or a counter-offer. Arbitration: Any provisions forarbitration of disputes. Insurance: Whose insurance covers the property up untilthe closing date. Property Disclosures: Notices of any property disclosuresconcerning the house. Inspecting After you have found a property that meets yourbudget and needs, the next step is to determine whether the physical conditionof the property will be acceptable. All Real Estate is definitely not createdequalthere is a great variance in the way individual homeowners maintain theirproperties. In addition, you need to be aware of any hidden defects that couldsubstantially affect the value of the home. The only way to safely determine thecondition of a property is to take advantage of every opportunity you have toinspect it. Closing It is the proverbial signing on the dotted line:the process of which will put the title to the house in your name, verifyhomeowners insurance on the property, commit in writing to the terms of themortgage, and usually, put the keys to the house in your hands. In general, youwill leave the closing and go to your new home as a homeowner. The weeks andmonths of anticipation are all settled in the short amount of time that youspend at the closing. What items will we need? The following are the mostimportant items that you will need prior to or at closing and some hintsregarding them: A Closing cost estimate: This should first be given to you byyour Agent at the time of the contract, and then given to you by the Lender, aGood Faith Estimate, shortly after the application for the loan. This shouldgive you a reasonably close estimate of funds you will need at the time ofclosing. Homeowners Insurance Policy: This must be secured prior to the date ofclosing. Settlement Statement: You should have a copy of the SettlementStatement before the d ate of Closing. Generally this will not be available untilone or two days prior to the actual Closing, but it is important to have itbecause it gives you the total amount of cash you will need at Closing and alsohow those various funds will be dispersed. In addition, it gives you anopportunity to iron out any discrepancies prior to sitting down at the Closingtable. Your Agent should also have a copy for review. Start asking for thesettlement statement 4 or 5 days before the scheduled closing. This will saveyou having to chase it down the night before your closing. Certified Funds: Onthe day of Closing you will need certified funds for closing costs and downpayments. This is an important reason for needing a copy of the SettlementStatement a day or two in advanceso you know the amount of funds needed and sothat any problems can be handled in advance. Insurances One of the primaryactivities at the closing or escrow is the verification of all of the insurancethat is needed or desired w hen buying Real Estate. Title Insurance: Insures thatthe title or deed to the home is good and marketable. This is only issued aftera successful title search. Title Insurance would most likely protect you, forexample, if an unknown additional seller (for example an ex-wife or husband)suddenly surfaced months or years after you took possession of the property. Homeowners Insurance: Insures the home against damage or theft. This insurancewill be structured to protect both you, as the owner, and the lender. There canbe a good deal of variation in policies. See the section on saving money onhomeowners insurance for hints on getting the most insurance for the leastamount of money. Personal Mortgage Insurance (PMI): This insurance, althoughpaid for by you, protects the lender against a loss should you default. It ispresent and required on the majority of loans that have less than a 20%downpayment. Recent changes in laws affecting PMI will make it easier to getthis insurance removed when the equity in your home reaches 20%. Do not confusePMI with mortgage life insurance, which would pay off your mortgage should youdie before it is paid off. Mortgage life insurance can be purchased through yourInsurance Agent, but is not required.

War in the modern world Essay Example

War in the modern world Essay War in the modern world includes terrorism and the threat of nuclear war. Explain how the Bible, the church and the teachings of Jesus may guide Christians in these matters.Christians may be guided by these things in different ways. What I mean is, all Christians have slightly different forms of authority. For example, an evangelical Christian will take the authority of the Bible a lot more than the tradition of the church. To expand on this point I have listed the mainstream denominations sources of authority.So these different sources of authority give a Christian slightly different viewpoints on war. So depending on what denomination you are a member of, you will be guided differently.The BibleThe Bible does seem very clear in its teachings about war. All through the Bible it talks about not fighting and being at peace with your neighbour.In Romans 12:17-21 the teaching is simple. The first verse, Do not repay anyone evil for evil. Be careful to do what is right in the eyes of eve rybody This is very clear. The next verse If it is possible, as far as it depends on you, live at peace with everyone. Live at peace it is all very anti-war. The emphasis is always on peace. It also says that we should not take revenge, but leave it to God, It is mine to avenge; I will re-payIn Micah 4:1-4, it talks about the coming of peace on the Earth, In the last days the mountain of the lords temple will be established as chief among the mountains; it will be raised above the hills, and peoples will stream into it. I says that warriors Will beat their swords into ploughs meaning that the soldiers of Earth will become as peaceful as the farmers. Nation will not take up sword against nation. Obviously saying that nations should be and will be at peace with one another. no-one will make them afraid (speaking about every man on Earth). This is very significant. It says that when God brings peace, there will be nothing for men to scare people with. This is important because it is sa ying that all means of war will be taken away, therefore saying that they are bad.The teachings of JesusThe teachings of Jesus are very similar, in the fact that they teach no to use violence. However, Jesus himself did use violence, in the temple. This does not mean that Christians should not take his teachings seriously, but that because he was God, he was justified in using necessary force.In Matthew 26:52, Jesus states,Put your sword back in its place, for those who live by the sword, die bye the swordThis teaching is one of Jesus simplest teaching. It is obvious what he is saying. But he is not necessarily talking about dying physically, but more of dying spiritually. If you take arms up against an enemy, he is saying that you are turning away from God(not doing his will) and polluting your sprit.In Matthew 5:9, in the famous Beatitudes, Jesus gives the teachingBlessed are the peacemakers, for they will be called the sons of God.Again Jesus is teaching that if you keep peace, a nd do not fight, you will be rewarded in heaven.Jesus also teaches in Matthew5:44. And I tell you, love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you. This also ties into his famous parable The good Samaritan. One of Jesus most profound teachings, and definitely one to look at when talking about Jesus teaching toward war, is in Mark 12:29-31, The greatest Commandment Here he clearly states that it is a great commandment, which should be obeyed, to love you neighbour. By neighbour he meant everybody in the world. There is no other teaching by Jesus which is clearer than this.The churchBecause there are so many different churches, each with its own teaching on war and peace, I am going to concentrate on three.The Church of EnglandThe C of E is involved in two on gong debates. The first one is about the just war theory. St Thomas Aquinas developed this theory in the 13 century. In it he laid down 3 conditions for which it is right to engage in a war. In the 16 Century, a forth prin ciple was added. These principles are:1 It must be on the authority of the sovereign-King or Queen, or the government2 The cause must be just3 The participant should have the right intentions.4 It should be waged by proper means.The second debate the C of E has been involved in is that of consistent Pacifism. The church itself is not consistently pacifist so it usually takes the stand of the just War and the use of force only as a last resort.The Methodist ChurchThe Methodist church teaches that war is country to the sprit, teaching and purpose of Jesus Christ. These are some extracts from a public statement made by the Methodist church:The Christian pacifist does not necessarily condemn the use of every kind of force, but refuses to employ force unaccountably or to destroy others, for example in either personal or state violence. The Christian non-pacifist does not justify every war, but reluctantly recognises that violence (force) may be used when authorised to defend against aggression, to rectify a breach or boundary, or to restrain or replace a notorious and tyrannical despot. The church upholds the right of individual members conscientiously to choose between these positions, and offers pastoral support to those on both sides of the debate.The Salvation ArmyConscientious objectorsThe salvation army respects the right of individuals to arrive at their own decisions on the question of bearing arms in military service, based on personal Christian conviction, without seeking to influence any individual in either direction. The army offers a full spiritual ministry to those arriving at either decision, with all-possible help and guidance.Based on scriptural teaching concerning respect for properly constituted civil authority, the Army consuls those who object to military service to accept the legal means provided for alternative service, where such exist.In no circumstances does the Army regard a sincere conscientious objector with any sense of stigma. It sees any such attitude as being a negation of the love of the Lord Jesus Christ, whose power alone can enable people to learn to live together in peace.Taken from the Salvation Army United Kingdom Territory Positional Statement on Conscientious objection (PS4) issued 1 November 1992.R2) Explain the arguments put forward by Christian Pacifists and demonstrate how Christian non-pacifists might support their position.Christian pacifists would say that if you believe in God how is it possible for you to contribute to the destruction of mankind? When one becomes committed to God, through any religion, that person should become improved in a substantial manner. Otherwise, why change at all if there is no benefit. Also, when the individual changes for the good, such change should also affect their community as well.Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute youin order that you may be sons of you Father in heaven. Matthew 5:44-45The word patience (patientia), is a word that during the early years of the church meant The stead fast endurance to resist evil without doing violence to the evil doer. The firm and enduring resistance to evil and violent pressures of injustice and prejudice. Pacifists would say that this old meaning of the word patience has been forgotten and should be used as such rather than it being used as a liberal term with the definition Waiting without complaintBlessed are the peacemakers for they will inherit the kingdom of God Matthew 5:3But I say to youlove your enemies and pray for those that persecute youin order that you may be the children of your father who is n heaven Matthew 5:44-45Christian Pacifists would reject all wars on the grounds that war is the ultimate example of human depravity, and any attempt to justify it through the teachings of Jesus Christ is a perversion of scripture. When one accepts the offer of salvation through God, he begins the process of becoming a new creation. Old habits will die away and be replaced wit h a new view on life. Whereas we once used violence as a means to secure what was ours and what we believed we need for the future.The whole idea of holiness is to be different. The word holy comes from the word hadios which means to be set apart for God. Where there was hatred, there is now understanding, where there was a strife there is now peace. The teachings of the New Testament show that a Christian is different to unbelievers. They are a light set up upon a hill and an example worthy to emulate. But, if we continue to hate, strive against others, kill, and cause great suffering upon others, then wherein are we different? What is the new life in Christ if we retain the old ways? When the church uses the ways of the world it gets the results of the world.Christian Pacifists reject all institutionalised violence and war because it violates the clear teachings of Jesus. War, at best may only be considered a social responsibility and not a biblical mandate. As a social responsibi lity, it is so only for a degenerate society, one that a Christian cannot be apart of. The Christian cannot share in any action, corporate or individual, that is a known contradiction to the requirement to discipleship.Christian non-pacifists support their position by using the Just War Theory. They would also say that they would defend themselves or their family if attacked. They would also say that they would support Christian Pacifism ideas and promote pacifism. St Thomas Aquinas developed the Just War Theory in the 13 century. In it he laid down 3 conditions for which it is right to engage in a war. In the 16 Century, a forth principal was added. These principles are:1 It must be on the authority of the sovereign-King or Queen, or the government2 The cause must be just3 The participant should have the right intentions.4 It should be waged by proper means.The Christians that use this idea would not say that war is a good thing, but if it has to happen then at least people sho uld follow the Just War Theory. This theory is popular among young Christians who want to serve for their country in the army, but are afraid to do so by the teachings of their church. These Christians would say that Jesus was not absolutely clear about war and violence and that the bibles meaning can be interpreted to say that war is justified when using something similar to the just war theory.R3) It takes more courage to be a conscientious objector than to fight so Christians should always support the cause of peace than war.Some Christians like the Iraenic Fellowship, (a Christian Pacifist organisation), would agree. They would say that we have to all be pacifists to set a good form o witness. They would say that if 50% of all Christians became Pacifists, then over 1 billion people would refuse to go to war, and this would force the governments to seek new ways of combating offensive countries and enemies.Christian pacifists would say that if you believe in God how is it possibl e for you to contribute to the destruction of mankind? When one becomes committed to God, through any religion, that person should become improved in a substantial manner. Otherwise, why change at all if there is no benefit. Also, when the individual changes for the good, such change should also affect their community as well.Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute youin order that you may be sons of you Father in heaven. Matthew 5:44-45The word patience (patientia), is a word that during the early years of the church meant The stead fast endurance to resist evil without doing violence to the evil doer. The firm and enduring resistance to evil and violent pressures of injustice and prejudice. Pacifists would say that this old meaning of the word patience has been forgotten and should be used as such rather than it being used as a liberal term with the definition Waiting without complaintBlessed are the peacemakers for they will inherit the kingdom of God Matthew 5:3But I say to youlove your enemies and pray for those that persecute youin order that you may be the children of your father who is n heaven Matthew 5:44-45Christian Pacifists would reject all wars on the grounds that war is the ultimate example of human depravity, and any attempt to justify it through the teachings of Jesus Christ is a perversion of scripture. When one accepts the offer of salvation through God, he begins the process of becoming a new creation. Old habits will die away and be replaced with a new view on life. Whereas we once used violence as a means to secure what was ours and what we believed we need for the future.The whole idea of holiness is to be different. The word holy comes from the word hadios which means to be set apart for God. Where there was hatred, there is now understanding, where there was a strife there is now peace. The teachings of the New Testament show that a Christian is different to unbelievers. They are a light set up upon a hill and an example wor thy to emulate. But, if we continue to hate, strive against others, kill, and cause great suffering upon others, then wherein are we different? What is the new life in Christ if we retain the old ways? When the church uses the ways of the world it gets the results of the world.Christian Pacifists reject all institutionalised violence and war because it violates the clear teachings of Jesus. War, at best may only be considered a social responsibility and not a biblical mandate. As a social responsibility, it is so only for a degenerate society, one that a Christian cannot be apart of. The Christian cannot share in any action, corporate or individual, that is a known contradiction to the requirement to discipleship.Christian non-pacifists support their position by using the Just War Theory. They would also say that they would defend themselves or their family if attacked. They would also say that they would support Christian Pacifism ideas and promote pacifism. St Thomas Aquinas devel oped the Just War Theory in the 13 century. In it he laid down 3 conditions for which it is right to engage in a war. In the 16 Century, a forth principal was added. These principles are:1 It must be on the authority of the sovereign-King or Queen, or the government2 The cause must be just3 The participant should have the right intentions.4 It should be waged by proper means.The Christians that use this idea would not say that war is a good thing, but if it has to happen then at least people should follow the Just War Theory. This theory is popular among young Christians who want to serve for their country in the army, but are afraid to do so by the teachings of their church. These Christians would say that Jesus was not absolutely clear about war and violence and that the bibles meaning can be interpreted to say that war is justified when using something similar to the just war theory.Most Christians would say that it is good to be a pacifist because it means that you are showi ng a good example to other non-Christians, and it will show them what it means to be a Christian in the modern world.

Understand the statement Essays

Understand the statement Essays Understand the statement Essay Understand the statement Essay In order to fully understand this statement, it is necessary to comprehend the key terms and what is actually meant by them. It is clear that the statement consists of a problem and a solution. The problem is finding out how things really are, and the only solution is to understand the filters through which one perceives the world. Starting off, it is important to clarify the key terms. It is interesting to research on the term really in this context. Real is a term, which can is different for everybody.This is exactly what the statement says: Every person perceives the world differently because of their individual filters, and that is why reality is different for everyone. Concluding, it is practically impossible to understand how things really are, because they will always be different to others. One of the most vital filters to be considered would be the way we receive information through our senses, and through which we receive it. Since we have several senses that sense different things (light, sound, smell, surface), we receive different information from each to create a general image of reality.All our senses have specific functions, and all of these are limited. An eye, for example, can sense light which has reflected from objects. It cannot see radio waves, which may be there a swell. Also it is not possible for the eyes to obtain information from areas which are not being looked at. The eyes have a specific field of view which cannot be altered. For most people the visual sense is the most important one because of various things, such as: orientation, emotions conveyed by sight, etc. It is clear that the same limitation rules apply for all our other sense as well.For the sense of sound, we can only receive sounds, which are in our spectrum. For taste, some things can not be tasted because our taste sensor cannot read them. For the sense of touch we can only feel things, which are big enough for our sensory receptors to read them. For example, microscopic bacteria could never be identified as microscopic bacteria by a human being. The sense of smell is directly connected to our sense of taste, so the same rules apply. We can not smell radio waves for example. Simply using our senses, there is no way to perceive, and therefore no way to know everything that is around us.Concluding from this it is virtually impossible for a human to perceive the entire world. Not only can we not know everything, but we can also know things differently from others. Concerned with just senses, people may sense things differently from others due to either a loss of an entire sense, which would make the human prone to extraordinary development and use of the other senses, or a sense of one human may be naturally or trained to be stronger and more sensitive to the information it is trying to receive.For example, people who are either blind or have a very bad eyesight (and cannot compensate this with technology), have to develop their other sense because they have gained responsibility for certain things (e. g. Orientation). Our brain is what processes the information that is given through the senses and then combined with other filters; values, conclusions, expectation, etc. are made. Even if each sense on every human was equally efficient, the difference in values, beliefs, experiences, etc.is what makes the difference in perception. For example: two people see, hear, feel and smell exactly the same thing, but yet they both react entirely differently to it. One person may be very familiar with the object, the other may have never seen, felt, heard, or smelled before. Relating to this, sensing new things is what makes a humans expiriences and lifetime. This is why it can be very easily observed how a human developes through his/her life, from the earliest age onwards.Theoretically, if humans did not age or forget, which is a malfunction or inefficiency in the human brain, a person would continuously collect and gather information, and then process it through filters in the brain for ever. Concerning filters language is probably the best example of this. All over the world, thousands of different languages are spoken. And since knowledge and perception is very much based upon identifications and descriptions of things, language is a key factor to perception. Very commonly it has happened that languages developed according to the environment people lived in, and what things their culture was exposed to.It is said that if there is no word or description for something, it is not percieved or its presence is not recognized. Because of this people that speak the same language can percieve and identify things or understand certain concepts that other languages would not be able to. All languages developed words that are significant to them and which resemble things that are of importance. A very famous and popular example would be the Inuit eskimo culture, which have more than a dozen words to describe different types of snow.A person from a developed european country would not notice or recognise these difference in snow because there are no words to describe them. The same would be the case on the other hand, where western people have many terms for different currencies and values of money, for example. For the Inuit eskimo, money might be very irrelevant and unimportant, and therefore he would not easily see any differences in banknotes, etc. Language is also very important because it is a vital method of communication, so that it is possible to express ones way of percieving the world.When a sense sends information to the brain for processing, the brain attaches various things to the information, such as: emotions, values, beliefs, etc. A very simple example would be a person who develops emotions and feelings for a member of the opposite sex. The perception of the person may be entirely different to another persons, even though the sensory information was the same. Basically, it is possible to say that the information gathered keeps getting things such as the previous attached to it. One could imagine it as a progressive ladder, with different stations where various things become added to the original information.This is called the ladder of inference. In order to prove that the statement is true, one needs to take all the above factors into consideration, and understand how all these things (eg. Perception) actually work. In order to find out how things really are one must understand the filters through which we perceive the world is actually not entirely possible, it is partially possible because things may be real for one person, and the filters through which the person percieves the world can also be understood.However, it is very difficult to explain and describe the word reality. There are two sides to debate about this. One is that reality exists no matter what, and people move around in it adapting to it and doing what is possible for them. The other is that reality is different for every single one of us, and everything revolves around us. It is certainly very relative, but the topic is very difficult to debate about. We must realise that everyone percieves the world differently because of the filters that the original information from senses is sent through to be processed further.If everybody had the same filters, then it might be possible to live in one reality and to understand eachother at all times. Since this is not the case, and filters are developed throughout ones life, it is impossible to find out how things really are, because things may be entirely different for somebody else. On the other hand, it is possible to understand each individuals perception of the world by understanding their filters.

The Emergence and development of landscape painting Article

The Emergence and development of landscape painting - Article Example The essay "The Emergence and development of landscape painting" explores landscape painting, its development, and emergence. A painter must capture the actual features of the scenery ensuring the use of appropriate colors among other elements of the art. The art has grown progressively to become a fundamental aspect of nearly every form of painting, landscape painting often form appropriate backgrounds for numerous paintings. Landscape painting has been an integral aspect of panting among other types of art for numerous years. However, the first actual landscape paintings were the frescos developed in Greece around the 1500BCE. Such were a series of paintings that had no human depiction. Besides the frescos, numerous other paintings at the time had depicted natural scenery owing to the importance of nature. Painters captured hunting scenes provided a detailed representation of the natural scenery thus giving rise to landscape painting. Landscape painting thus changed throughout the h istory of art. During such periods as the medieval, the renascence and earlier centuries, numerous artists contributed to the development of the landscape maintaining by adding new twists thus contributing to the development of the contemporary landscape painting. During the medieval times, landscape painting remained a reserve as backgrounds in other paintings. Most painters at the time depicted natural scenery only as part of other paintings. As explained earlier, natural scenery forms appropriate backgrounds for painters.

Mile Durkheim Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mile Durkheim - Essay Example His family was a rather prominent one in the Jewish community with his male lineage being rabbis. He deviated from this path and became interested in the social sciences. Durkheim found a majority of the humanities in French academia to be uninteresting; therefore he focused on the areas of psychology, philosophy, ethics, and finally sociology. Durkheim’s biggest goal with sociology was that he wanted it to be a quantitatively and scientifically method heavy field. As a result, he wanted to take the scientific method that was used in the natural sciences and use it on society in an effort to describe and predict collective behavior. He believed that a collective consciousness was the glue, which bound everyone together in society. This consisted of beliefs, values, traditions, etc. which all served an important role in unifying society. With the rise of the industrial era and an increase in the segmentation of jobs, he worried that society was changing as the economy was destr oying the collective unconsciousness. Instead, it was being replaced upon the reliability and interconnectedness of economic principles. Being one of sociology’s principle founders, Durkheim played an important role in establishing sociology as a scientific field, rather than just as an abstract humanitarian course. This was achieved because of the emphasis he placed on taking the scientific method and applying it to society so that the research and discipline in the field would proliferate. He died on November 15, 1917.

Art pieces comparison essay (from metropolitan museum of art)

Art pieces comparison (from metropolitan museum of art) - Essay Example is what I aim to achieve in this paper – I will explore on a deeper level and conduct a profound analysis and comparison of the two pieces in order to understand their similarities. It could be said that these similarities run much deeper than the primary differences between the two pieces; thus, by such an exploration I will assess whether indeed the similarities become more prominent. ‘Heart of The Andes’ depicts a beautifully detailed landscape of South America. It is a harmonious depiction of nature – with realistic colouring and immense depth. In the background is Mount Chimborazo of Ecuador, and the foreground features a moving waterfall leading to a lake. It is nature at its finest, a magnificently awe-inspiring piece with such detail that one cannot help but fall mercy to the dark, deep beauty of this landscape. ‘Garden at Sainte-Adresse’ consists of a scene along the English Channel, from the viewpoint of a garden. A family dons the garden; they appear to be spending time enjoying the weather and the view along the horizon of Honfleur. It is a domestic portrait of an upper-class family, and this serves to completely remove the sense of loneliness conveyed by ‘Heart of The Andes’. ‘Heart of The Andes’ strikes on with its intense depth – one is able to grasp the dimensions of the landscape; the vastness of the view. The eye is drawn to the dark mountains on the horizon, which tends to cause one to feel these primary darker, more emotive feelings. It is noticeable that without the mountains, the piece would not be much darker than ‘Garden at Sainte-Adresse’. The delicate detail allows one to become immersed in the landscape and properly understand its beauty. It is extremely realistic, and this serves to increase its depth and scale. It is on a much smaller scale than ‘Garden at Sainte-Adresse’, which could also be another contributor to the lost feeling it evokes. Despite its smaller scale, it is much more